Ethical Issues in Denistry - 1657 Words

Just like all other healthcare professionals, dentists have responsibilities to their patients, employers, associations and, most important, to their own personal integrity. It is so serious that the dentist be prepared to make sound decisions and actions based on ethical concerns for each patient. Dentists, also face a number of ethical issues related to the treatment of their patients. Some issues are clearly medical, involving the treatment of the patient. Other issues are related to the management of a dentist’s practice, such as employment, corporate sponsorship and advertising. Dentists know that healthy teeth are not always attractive. A patient may have perfectly healthy teeth that, through discoloration or a lack of alignment,†¦show more content†¦A dentist cannot limit the scheduled times for treating HIV-positive patients, such as insisting that an HIV-positive patient come in at the end of the day. According to (Hasegawa 2001, p. 118), â€Å"even if a dentist does not have a patient’s actual HIV test result, there is still a legal obligation to protect confidential HIV-related patient information under the HIPPA Rule.† When it comes to patient abandonment a dentist may dismiss a patient or terminate the dentist-patient relationship for a reasonable cause. There are requirements by the SBDE Rule 108.5 regarding Patient Abandonment that must be followed. According to (Humphris, G. 2003, p. 701), â€Å"the dentist must take steps to protect the dental health of the patient by completing any dental procedures that may be in progress prior to terminating the dentist-patient relationship. The dentist must also remain available for emergency services for at least thirty (30) days after notice of termination is served upon the patient.† As healthcare professionals, dentists assume openly and take on responsibilities founded on the principle of non-maleficence - first do no harm. Some of the many characteristics of being an ethical dental professional are presented in the American College of Dentists Core Values. Autonomy: Patients have the right to determine what should be done with their own bodies. Because patients are moral entities they

Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor

Flannery O’Connor, an American writer in the 1950’s and 60’s, often wrote in a Southern- Gothic style and frequently examined questions of morality and ethics. This style is evident in the short story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† which takes place in the 1960s in the midst of the American civil rights movement. The ideas of inter-generational conflict and transforming social mores play out against the backdrop of racial desegregation in the South. O’Connor is able to convey the tensions that emerged after integration as well as conflicting mindsets through symbolism, irony, and point of view. Symbolism is used to emphasize the convergence of the races during the civil rights movement as well as highlight the tension between conflicting mindsets. The first symbol is the hat that is worn by both Julian’s mother, Ms. Chestny, and Carver’s mother. The hat symbolizes the racial culture transformation after integration. Since both Julian’s mother, a white woman, and Carver’s mother, an African American woman, wear the same hat, it emphasizes the fact that both races now have an equal foothold in society. Julian even realizes that fate is trying to teach his mother a lesson about equality: â€Å"The vision of the two hats, identical, broke upon him with the radiance of a brilliant sunrise. His face was suddenly lit with joy. He could not believe that Fate had thrust upon his mother such a lesson† (8). In the past, the segregation of the races would have put Julian’s mother inShow MoreRelatedEverything That Rises Must Converge By Flanner y O Connor1944 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish 101 December 8, 2014 â€Å"Convergence† Flannery O Connor s short story Everything that Rises Must Converge finds the change in structure between a mother and an adolescent in the midst of a period in history when white quality was to an incredible degree, going to pieces. To scratch-off being completely separate from generations, the idea of discrimination divides the more youthful eras from those of the more seasoned eras. In this connection, O Connor offers us what is fundamentally a methodologyRead MoreEverything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor1583 Words   |  7 PagesIn Flannery O’ Connor’s, â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†, Julian’s resentment towards his mother becomes the cause of his own self-revelation. In a selfish attempt to teach his racist mother a lesson in morality, Julian does not sit with her on an integrated bus because It is his fantasy that she will be forced to sit next to an African American person. His wish comes true when an African American woman and her son get on the bus and take a seat next to each of them. However, contrary toRead MoreStereotypes in Everything that Rises Must Converge by Flannery O’ Connor2466 Words   |  10 Pagesequal and must converge together as a unity of equality. Every person has his or her own different mind perspective on stereotyping; that can lead him or her to major consequences or moral lessons. Stereotyping has blinded many people from facing reality and realizing that we are all-equal, and have fought for that equality right. But there are some who won’t accept that change and want to keep things the way they used to be, until they finally realize it with a consequence. Author Flannery O’ ConnorRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor1479 Words   |  6 PagesSophie Halavy English 2—Prof. Sosner 6 May 2015 Self-Awareness in â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† Flannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† emphasizes the hostility and racial discrimination that white southerners exhibited towards African Americans as a result of integration during the 1960’s. This short story focuses not only on the white American’s living in poverty, but also accentuates the ways in which two people born in different generations react to racialRead MoreAnalysis Of Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor981 Words   |  4 Pagesdynamics in the south during the late 1960’s is a theme represented through the entirety of â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge†. The foremost areas of this can be seen through evaluating the changing social classes, generational difference on cultural views and acceptance, and significance of the penny in relation to slavery and desegregation in the story. Of the major themes in â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† the social concerns of the 1960’s â€Å"particularly the disorder of the modern world andRead MoreSummary Of Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor2544 Words   |  11 PagesErin Comerford 30 November 2012 Final Paper ENAM 3880-103 Julian’s Mother as a Post-Segregation South In Flannery O’Connor’s story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge,† O’Connor presents readers with an interesting pair: a young man, Julian, and his mother. Because the story is narrated in a closed third person over Julian, readers are immediately distanced from the mother. O’Connor uses Julian as a critic, scrutinizing his mother from his educated heights; through Julian’s eyes, readers see aRead MoreThe Freak in Everything That Rises Must Converge by Flannery O ´connor555 Words   |  3 Pages Flannery O’Connor once said, â€Å"†¦It is when the freak can be sensed as a figure for our essential displacement that he attains some depth in literature.† With this, O’Connor correctly uses the freak to symbolize her reoccurring theme of a grotesque viewpoint on the world, and such symbolism is used prominently in two of her short stories, ‘Everything That Rises Must Converge† and â€Å"Good Country People.† Within both stories, the freak awakens both the characters in the stories, and, in fact, the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe character of Julian in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† is one that evokes conflicting emotions in readers. On an immediate judgment, it would be easy to view Julian as someone who is pretentious and narcissistic. Throughout the course of the piece, he is presented as being constantly bored and disgusted with those around him, because he believes he is more highly educated. Based on his presentation in the text, it is easy to think that Julian is using his advanced educationRead MoreFlannery O Connor s Everything That Rises Must Converge Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe story that i’ve decided to do my literature essay on is Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†. The story starts off with a son, a recent college graduate who currently sells typewriters, escorting his mom on the bus to her exercise classes. Throughout the whole story it gives many hints towards the son, Julian’s irritation of his mother. The mother would brag about how her grandfather owned slaves at a plantation, and would speak out loud to other strangers how she was gladRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard For Find And Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor3294 Words   |  14 PagesFlannery O’Connor, u ndoubtedly one of the most well-read authors of the early 20th Century, had many strong themes deeply embedded within all her writings. Two of her most prominent and poignant themes were Christianity and racism. By analyzing, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge,† these two themes jump out at the reader. Growing up in the mid-1920’s in Georgia was a huge influence on O’Connor. Less than a decade before her birth, Georgia was much different than

Business Experience Project for Broadband- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Experience Project for National Broadband. Answer: Introduction/ Synopsis of the Case study The purpose of the current case study is to analyse the issues that are encountered by the National Broadband Network (NBN) Co. This is one of the major organizations in Australia that controls the wholesale market for the open-access data network and wired data network that deals with both wireless radio and wired forms of communication. The business organization was established in the year 2009 with the aim of development of the high speed communication technology. The main purpose of the network is to remove the barriers of communication. One of the main objectives of the organisation is to ensure that all the people in Australia are able to access high speed Internet service, which will help in the development of technological infrastructure of the society. One of the major issue and period that are encountered by people of Australia to access high speed Internet it is due to high cost involved in setting up the infrastructure. With wireless mode of communication it is possible f or NBN to reduce the cost of broadband Access for common people. In order to fulfil the mission NBN has set up the infrastructure that has allowed wholesale open access for the broadband network. This Access can be used by all local networks to improve the bandwidth speed. The Retail service providers are responsible for distributing user end Internet connectivity. This will help in the telecommunication field of Australia. It is also possible to generate a business environment of healthy competition in the telecommunication market. The customer in the market will also get the opportunity to choose from a wide variety of broadband network. The comment of Australia has also published statement of expectation, which is a supplement to change the mandate of the policy. The ownership of NBN is among the Commonwealth of Australia which is a public sector organisation controlled by government policies. This is incorporated under the policy of Corporations act 2001. The operation is also controlled by Performance and Accountability Act 2013 (Alizadeh 2013). The purpose of the NBN services to provide high Internet connectivity for both commercial and domestic purpose. As per the commitment of the organisation it is supposed to provide an Internet speed of 25 megabytes per second. The organisation is also planning to double the speed 90% of their existing areas. This is believed to unleash the technological potential that is possible due to Government support. The partnership of various retail sector units has made the Internet connectivity reaches out to various remote areas. The current case study is him to highlight up on the issues that are encountered by the national broadband network. In spite of the effective business plan of NBN, the organisation has failed to produce direct demand in the Retail Industry of broadband network. Hence, it is not possible for the customers to directly access the internet connectivity at lower price, which is one of the major aims of NBN. This case study will highlight up on major fact related to all the issues encountered by NBN and thereby will aim to highlight upon the issues that can help them in future sustainability Alternative solution will also be provided in order to deal with the existing issue and ensure there is no disadvantage associated with current business model. Alternative solution will also help to provide proper documentation to deal with the existing issue. Appropriate planning is also necessary as a part of the recommendations that are provided as a part of the case study. Findings The section of the case study will focus upon the issues faced by NBN, which will be supported by facts and statistics. It is also important to identify the underlying cause for the issue, which will help in the matter of implementing relevant solutions. One of the most common issues that are encountered in the management of NBN is due to low Internet bandwidth speed in many areas. This is a major challenge during the peak hours of a day, when all type of domestic and commercial activities are going at full speed. This is not only compromising up on the reputation of NBN, but also hampering the technological infrastructure in many parts of Australia. Nearby it is not possible for the people to get the advantage of high speed Internet service. As per the report of the statistics it is clear that 71% of the users associated with the service of NBN has encountered issues due to low Internet speed during peak hours. 28% of the users have also encountered total blackout. Most of the cases of Internet blackout or low bandwidth speed are reported during 10-12 hours and 14 to 16 hours (Katz 2012). It is important to mention that one of the major cause of the issue is due to the fact that it is not possible for NBN to deal with all types of i nfrastructural issues. NBN is dependent upon local retail service provider in order to develop upon the infrastructure in every local areas of Australia. The findings of the recent reports suggest that the business partnership model of NBN with small scale retail service providers has failed. This is mainly due to the fact that it is not possible for the small scale retail organisation to bear the high cost that is involved in the process of setting up infrastructure for high speed wireless Internet communication (Li 2012). Hence, in most of the cases the national broadband network has not been able to provide the proper funding that is necessary to setup the infrastructure for high Internet speed. Additional to all as far as the latest report the authority of national broadband network is not understanding the significance of the problem and thereby putting the blame for the issue on government organisation. One of the major organisational aims of NBN is to become financially independent and pay back all the dues paid by the government. Nevertheless, the basic principles that have been implemented by the organisation in deciding upon their pricing strategy have got their own loopholes. Hence, it is not possible for the organisation to collect enough revenue from the public. One of the major complaint raised by the organisation in the context is about the fact that the retail Internet providers are not buying enough Internet service from NBN. As the bandwidth service remain unsold, most of the servers are not operated by NBN, thereby resulting in slow speed of Internet (Nansen et al. 2013). One of the major fault of the government in this case is that they failed to provide the social value the high speed Internet project that have been initiated by the authorities at National broadband network. The social value need to be implemented with the help of reducing the complexity in the pricing model. There have been an increased number of cases of blame game among the Telecom industries, which is not able to focus upon the Ultimate cause of infrastructural issues. Acting as one of the wholesale distributor of Internet bandwidth, NBN charges a certain fee the installation of ISPs, which is dependent upon the speed of the bandwidth or the volume of Internet that will be consumed by the user. This fee is called the Connectivity Virtual Charge. Nevertheless the main issue in this context is due to the fact that the government is charging a high amount of tax of 7.30 dollar per month as a service for end users. Hence, most of the Australian consumers are facing issues due to high level of pricing charged for accessing high speed Internet service (Falch and Henten 2010). It is also believe that the issue of low Internet speed is also compromising up on some of the national social service like education and Healthcare. Hence, it is not possible to provide effective social service to the Australian consumers due to poor infrastructural condition. One of the issues that are believed to be responsible for infrastructure in pricing model of NBN is due to the initial failure of implementing business partnership theory. One of the bases of business model of NBN is dependent upon partnership that is formed with local retail Internet provider. However, the economics of the business of Indian is dependent upon the wholesale business model. Hence, it is not possible for the organisation to create retail business demand. The pricing model that have been introduced by the organisation have not initially analysed all the external threat. In a given context it is important to mention about porter's five forces, which is believed to be one of the effective marketing tool to identify all kinds of external threat in a business environment. In spite of high demand of high speed Internet service, there is high level of threat from external supplier. NBN is highly dependent upon supply of fibre material from external business partners. The threat in this context is due to the fact that in the current scenario the organisation is only dependent upon few numbers of suppliers and thereby often has to pay high price. Moreover, there is the threat of new alternatives that can provide high Internet speed from that of the fibre cables. There are also new small scales Enterprise, who are setting up business to make use of the available opportunity in the Telecommunication industry. With the entry of new business organisation, who is offering high speed Internet service at much lower cost, NBN is also facing the threat from high pow er from the customer, as they have the option of purchasing Internet service at much lower price. The tax level of the small scale Internet provider is mast were compared to that of the Internet service of national broadband network, which is lower almost at the rate of 50%. Discussion From the previous section it is clear that one of the major issues encountered by the national broadband network is it due to poor level of funding in setting up of basic technological infrastructure needed for high Internet speed. Organisation also failed to identify all the external threats that are associated with in the telecommunication industry. This is mostly due to the fact that the company has not been able to generate retail demand and neutralize the threat of alternative service. Due to all the issues and basic infrastructure level, it is not possible for the national broadband network to provide proper solution for the low Internet speed and blackout that are encountered in the middle of the peak hours. One of the effective ways to deal with the issue of Internet service provider is develop effective business partnership network with various industrial sectors in a technological domain. According to Given (2010), one of the major reason for success for the modern digital Revolution is due to the fact that most of the large scale electronic band are able to develop effective business partnership model. One of the suitable solutions for the national broadband network in this context is to develop effective business partnership model (Cradduck 2011). This can help the organisation to get proper supply of raw materials that is needed to develop technical infrastructure and provide high speed Internet network in all parts of Australia. As mentioned in the previous section, the Internet service of national broadband network is dependent upon fibre cable and wireless Technology. It is important for the organisation to get proper supply of electronic parts and circuit that is needed to set up the Internet servers. Hence, Outsourcing of business service can be one of the proper solutions for National broadband network to deal with the existing issue of Internet blackout and low speed. One of the major business advantages that the company can enjoy with outsourcing is the ability to improve upon the networking capability. They can also hire business ideas from large scale organisation like Cisco. Hence, it is possible for them to get the infrastructure and roadmap to implement safety in the networking business and provide secure intelligent information for all domestic and commercial uses in Australia (Alizadehand Farid 2017). They can also hire the Cloud Service network from large-scale organisation, which is believed to be one of the effective ways to improve the technological infrastructure of Internet bandwidth. In Spite of the business plan of NBN to local retail business partnership with local retail Internet providers; it was not possible for the organisation to increase the demand from the retail section. With implementation of outsourcing business model it is possible for the organisation to develop business partnership with all small scale service providers and thereby able to successfully reach out to all types of stakeholders and meet up with the demand. It is also possible for the organisation to hire technical experts from third party agents, which is also believed to be one of the major advantages of business outsourcing. On the other hand as mentioned by Nansen et al. (2013), one of the major disadvantages of outsourcing business for networking industry is due to the Complex level of policies that need to be implemented for smooth functioning of business operation. There is also high risk involved in the matter of security, where sensitive are classified information can get leak out due to increasing trends of Cyber criminals. The customers can also face issue due to authentication, as in many cases NBN has to hire Internet service from other business network. Additional it is also relevant to mention that without proper business set up, it is not possible to coordinate business partnership. However, with effective business partnership and networking it is possible for the organisation to establish open network. This is believed to be one of the effective way to implement flexibility and provide adaptive solution to all forms of networking issue that are encountered in the modern day digital world (Wilken,et al. 2013). With the help of open network it is also possible for the organisation to provide more option to the customers and thereby ensure that they are able to meet up with the growing demand of the industry. The implementation of latest innovation can be encompassed with the open network, which will enhance the overall supply chain. One of the major issues that have been encountered by the national broadband network is due to the fact that they have not been able to implement effective pricing strategy in their Service Delivery model. Hence, organisation can use the theory of marketing mix that is believed to be useful in deciding upon the pricing strategy. One of the major advantages of implementing effective pricing strategy is due to the fact that it is possible to collect important information from the networking business market (Diaset al. 2014). As mentioned previously one of the major issue encountered in the national broadband network is due to the high cost of Internet service it is mainly due to excess level of tax imposed by the Australian government. With effective pricing strategy it is possible to analyse the external business environment in the networking industry and thereby able to understand the taxation policy that are imposed by the government in the respective areas. It is often believed tha t pricing strategy is one of the crucial factors that help to influence upon the customer decision making process (Valle de Souzaet al. 2016). With the demand of Internet service going high in the current age of digitisation there are a lot of Internet service providers entering the market with and offering low cost service. The additional unique features are always welcome by the customers, which can help them to enjoy better Digital Service in personal and professional aspects. Pricing strategy is also affected due to the fact that this one of the key element of marketing mix and thereby help to provide a better market position of the brand in the respective industry (Tiwariet al. 2016). It is often believed that service providers, who are able to provide the best cost effective network to the customer, are able to capture majority of the market share. This in turn helps to provide better brand image of the organisation. The leading brand in the respective industry has a major role to play in deciding upon the pricing strategy that is implemented. In other words, it is possible for the national broadband network to play an important part and deciding upon the cost of Internet service in Australia as they are one of the biggest public sector organisations, who are providing up with modern Internet service. On the other hand, one of the major negative aspects of low pricing strategy is due to the fact that there is high risk of lowering of the service quality (Wilson 2014). In many cases it has been seen that large scale business organisation in order to control the market share lower the price of service by compromising upon the overall quality of service or product. In the given context of networking industry, where there is high level of threat from business rivalry, companies do have taken the risk of lowering the price which will help them to better sustain in the networking domain. Hence, the pricing strategy is believed to be effective in dealing with all major challenges encountered by the national broadband network in the current context of Internet service providing industry of Australia. Conclusion From the above case study it can be concluded that the national broadband network is currently one of the major Internet service provider in Australia, who have been able to succeed in the respective domain due to the application of latest form of Technology in the form of fibre wire and wireless communication. One of the major reasons for rising popularity of the high speed Internet service by NBN is due to the fact that they are able to deliver wholesale Internet communication service, which is usually achieved through business partnership with small scale Retail Industry. The small scale Retail organisations are responsible for providing better quality of Internet service to all domestic and commercial uses in Australia. However, in the recent days one of the major issues encountered by the Internet service of national broadband network is due to the fact that they are not able to provide uninterrupted high speed Internet service. This is mostly due to the Internet blackout issues encountered in various places during the peak hour of the day. Failing to implement proper technological infrastructure at the initial period in many remote places due to lack of government funding is believed to be the root cause of this technical issue. Moreover, in spite of the business model of partnership it was not possible for the company to generate proper retail demand for Internet service, which resulted in lack of revenue income. The government is also responsible for the existing issue due to the fact that it has not been able to promote the social value that is needed to improve upon the technological infrastructure of the Australian society and provide uninterrupted high speed broadband service. One of the major possible solutions for the existing issue that has been mentioned in the case study is to outsource business resource in the form of advanced telecommunication network. This is believed to help the organization to lower the price of Internet service is there possible to outsource essential networking resource at much lower cost from third party agents. This can also encourage time to implement the solution of open network, which will provide the opportunity to the users to get the access of high speed Internet service. Nevertheless, it is important for the company to deal with Complex level of policy that is usually involved in matter related to Outsourcing business resources. Another major solution that can be implemented is related with the pricing strategy. Here, it is essential for the organisation to collect necessary information from the external business environment and thereby able to implement proper solution to reduce the cost of high speed Internet service. However, it is essential to ensure that the quality of the service is not compromised while focusing upon low cost Internet service. Recommendation It is highly recommended for the national broadband network to follow and implement the policy of Outsourcing business service. As during the initial period the organisation has aimed provide networking service to the public in the form of retail sector, hence forth by implementing the policy of outsourcing business it is possible to increase the demand of retail unit. As the demand of the retail sector of high speed Internet service will increase, it will be possible for the organisation to generate more revenue and thereby improve upon the existing technological infrastructure. It will be there for possible for National broadband network to reduce the cost of high speed Internet service, which is one of the major existing issues. It is also believe that the issue of Internet blackout is mainly due to the fact that NBN has not been able to properly utilise all the existing service that is needed for wireless telecommunication network. With more revenue generation it is possible to update the existing networking server and thereby improve upon the bandwidth. This will minimise the chance of any form of interruption that is currently causing all forms of issues of internet. It is also possible with the help of business Outsourcing to improve upon the human resource policy associated with the service of the networking business. Moreover, business partnership with large scale organisation like Cisco can help the national broadband network to hire advanced form of Internet server that in turn can help to develop the business model of the existing networking chain. As mentioned by Gunaratne et al. (2015), one of the crucial success factor of all networking business is to have advanced level of supply chain. With the help of business Outsourcing responsible for the national broadband network to improve upon their existing supply chain process. Hence, it is highly recommended for the national broadband network the properly implement upon the policy of business outsourcing. Additionally, it is also necessary to ensure that no unethical policies are being adopted in order to set up business partnership with third party agents. It is also possible to ensure that all legal policies related to business partnership and outsourcing are being followed to ensure organisational adaptation of national broadband network. Reference: Alizadeh, T. and Farid, R., 2017. Political economy of telecommunication infrastructure: An investigation of the National Broadband Network early rollout and pork barrel politics in Australia. Telecommunications Policy, 41(4), pp.242-252. Alizadeh, T., 2013. Towards the socio-economic patterns of the national broadband network rollout in Australia. State of Australian Cities, Sydney. Accessed December, 31. Cradduck, L.M., 2011. The future of the Internet Economy: Addressing challenges facing the implementation of the Australian National Broadband Network (Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology). Dias, M.P., Arnold, M., Gibbs, M., Nansen, B. and Wilken, R., 2014. Asynchronous Speeds: Disentangling the Discourse of High-Speed Broadbandin Relation to Australia's National Broadband Network. Media International Australia, 151(1), pp.117-126. Falch, M. and Henten, A., 2010. Public private partnerships as a tool for stimulating investments in broadband. Telecommunications Policy, 34(9), pp.496-504. Given, J., 2010. Take your partners: Public private interplay in Australian and New Zealand plans for next generation broadband. Telecommunications Policy, 34(9), pp.540-549. Gunaratne, R.L., Ilavarasan P, V., Fernando, S. and Rohman, I.K., 2015. National Broadband Networks of Malaysia, India, Indonesia and Australia: A Comparative Study. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 16(1), pp.23-46. Katz, R., 2012. The impact of broadband on the economy: Research to date and policy issues. Broadband Series. Li, G., 2012. The return of public investment in telecommunications: Assessing the early challenges of the national broadband network policy in Australia. Computer Law Security Review, 28(2), pp.220-230. Nansen, B., Arnold, M., Wilken, R. and Gibbs, M., 2013. Broadbanding Brunswick: High-speed Broadband and Household Media Ecologies: A Report on the Household Take-up and Adoption of the National Broadband Network in a First Release Site. Nansen, B., Arnold, M., Wilken, R. and Gibbs, M., 2013. Broadbanding Brunswick: High-speed Broadband and Household Media Ecologies: A Report on the Household Take-up and Adoption of the National Broadband Network in a First Release Site. Tiwari, S., Lane, M. and Alam, K., 2016. The challenges and opportunities of delivering wireless high speed broadband services in Rural and Remote Australia: A Case Study of Western Downs Region (WDR). arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03513. Valle de Souza, S., Dollery, B. and Kortt, M.A., 2016. Counting the cost: A critical evaluation of the Australian National Broadband Network roll-out under the Rudd/Gillard governments. International Journal of Public Administration, pp.1-8. Wilken, R., Nansen, B., Arnold, M., Kennedy, J. and Gibbs, M., 2013. National, local and household media ecologies: The case of Australia's National Broadband Network. Communication, Politics Culture, 46(2), p.136. Wilson, N., 2014. Australia's National Broadband NetworkA cybersecure critical infrastructure?.Computer Law Security Review, 30(6), pp.699-709.

NATO From Creation to Current Status

Abstract The paper discusses NATO which is a major military alliance among European States, the US and Canada. It highlights the historical context, which led to the formation of NATO. The history of the alliance is broken down into three major phases: the Cold War era, the Post Cold War, and the Post 9/11.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NATO: From Creation to Current Status specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper reviews how NATO reinvented itself following the collapse of the Soviet Union and embarked on a successful enlargement process. The various issues that have faced the organization since its creation are discussed and its future estimated. The paper concludes by noting that NATO is a relevant security apparatus today and still serves as the best instrument for combating the security threats of the 21st century. Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is rightfully regarded as the w orld’s most powerful military alliance. The organization was founded in 1949 with the primary objective of protecting Western Europe and the US from Soviet aggression. The alliance was able to successfully achieve this goal and additionally ensure that no military rivalries emerge in the region. Following the end of the Cold War, the Soviet threat was neutralized and the alliance had to reinvent itself in order to remain relevant. It did this by expanding its role and increasing its membership. This paper will set out to provide a detailed research of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization with focus given to the creation and purpose of this alliance. A review of how the organization has expanded over the years and the role it has played will be provided to demonstrate that NATO is still a valid security apparatus in world today. Origins of NATO A significant outcome of the World War II was the emergence of the United States of America and the Soviet Union as the two world su per powers. While these countries had fought as allies in the war, their political differences pitted them against each other in the postwar years. There was concern that the Soviet Union would make use of her considerable power to influence politics in Europe (Trachtenberg, 1999). The weakened postwar Europe would not be able to resist this Soviet threat. The US proposed to help bolster West Europe’s military capability by the formation of an alliance. NATO, therefore, began as a mutual defense pact among ten Western European countries, the US and Canada.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These twelve countries signed the Washington Treaty on April 4, 1949 in which they committed themselves to a mutual defense pact (Cornish, 2004). The treaty bound the member states and an attack on any member was to evoke a response from all members. NATO’s history can be divided into thre e distinct phases: the Cold War period, the decade following the end of the Cold War, and the current phase, which began with the terrorist attacks on the US on September 11, 2011. Cold War Era At the time of NATO’s formation, the Western Europe was a divided region still struggling to recover from the devastating effects of the just ended the World War II. While a Western European defense organization would have been preferred, the participation of the US was seen as crucial since it was the only country with enough military might to counter the USSR. Trachtenberg (1999) observes that this alliance was a long-term American commitment to Western Europe’s security. Over time, this treaty turned into an organization with a political council and regular meetings being held by the allied foreign and defense ministers. This transformation into a full-fledged organization increased the influence and strength of the Treaty. In its early years of existence, NATO’s role was primarily to prevent an attack against the territory of its member countries by the formidable Soviet Union and her allies. Seroka (2007) best articulates this point by documenting that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was originally designed to deal with a primary threat from international communism on the European continent. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and this strengthened the capability of the alliance in Europe since Germany had the manpower necessary to resist a conventional invasion by Soviet forces. This move precipitated the formation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union and her East European allies. The alliance’s nuclear capability provided by the United States, which served as deterrence, was the main tool used to prevent an attack from the Soviet Union. However, NATO also adopted a strategy of flexible response and envisaged the use of conventional warfare before engaging in a nuclear confrontation. Even so, Minuto-Rizzo (2007) reiterates that nu clear weapons were at the core of the alliance’s strategy and nuclear deterrence was the principle means of preventing a Soviet led attack on any of the member states. Since both sides (East and West Europe) knew the cost of a nuclear confrontation, the use of force to advance political aims was effectively excluded in the Cold War Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NATO: From Creation to Current Status specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Post – Cold War Period The end of the Cold War in 1989 was significant for NATO. Many political analysts forecasted that the alliance could be disbanded safely since the main aggressor in Europe had dissipated. In addition to this, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, which had been an alliance of East European nations formed to counter NATO, had already occurred. However, this did not happen since NATO member states did not want to get rid of the alliance be cause of the numerous advantages they were enjoying because of their cooperation. Minuto-Rizzo (2007) observes that the transatlantic framework that â€Å"allowed all countries -big and small- to make their voices heard, to seek common solutions, and to train their forces together was too precious an asset to be squandered† (p.3). Many member countries of the former Warsaw Pact also expressed interest in joining NATO in order to enjoy the advantages of the permanent transatlantic framework for consultation and cooperation. NATO, therefore, had to reorient itself to embrace the newly emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe. NATO was able to develop new strategic concepts to incorporate new members and reorganize its military structures following the disappearance of the existential threat provided by the Soviet Union (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). It adopted a policy of partnership and opened its doors for new members from Central and Eastern Europe. The alliance also be gan to engage Russia: a move that was seen as integral to realizing the goals of an undivided Europe. The creation of the Permanent Joint Council (PJC) in 1997 is the most visible indication of an attempt to formalize the relationship between NATO and Russia. Labarre (2001) affirms that the PJC gave Russia a voice in NATO for the first time in history. The post Cold War era also saw NATO for the first time in its history engaging in military action outside the territory of its member countries. This engagement came about because of the conflicts in the Balkans. NATO provided military support at the request of the United Nations and helped to pacify the Balkans. The alliance engaged in the deployment of peacekeeping forces in the region to sustain peace. Post 9/11 Era The third major phase in NATO’s existence came about following the September 11 terrorist attacks. On September12, 2001, NATO invoked Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, which instructs that, â€Å"An attack aga inst one is an attack against all†. Minuto-Rizzo (2007) observes that 9/11 made it clear to NATO allies that their major threats no longer emanated from Europe, as had been the case during the Cold War. The new threats came from outside the continent in the form of international terrorism, failing states, and the threat of weapons of mass destruction.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The realities of 9/11 demonstrated to NATO the weakness of the traditional geographical approach to security that had been utilized for decades. This security approach had been effective when the potential threat emanated from the Soviet Union. International terrorism could not be countered using the same strategy and NATO had to be prepared to engage enemy forces at their source. NATO Transformation Originally, a regional security pact designed to protect Western Europe from a Soviet threat, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has reinvented and transformed itself into an international security force with missions to â€Å"combat international terrorism, prevent weapons proliferations, and provide for Europe’s security† (Seroka, p.25). The last decade has seen a significant enhancement of NATO’s military capabilities. The NATO Heads of State and Government summit in Prague, 2002, articulated the need for radical changes in the alliance’s military comm and structure. This military transformation begun with the establishment of one strategic command based in Europe to oversee all aspects of NATO’s operations. Another strategic command base was established in the US to advance the military aspects of transformation. While NATO no longer faces the threat that led to its formation (the Soviet Union) it has continued to grow in the years following the collapse of the USSR. International terrorism has been the most significant issue addressed by NATO. Despite the fact that international terrorism does not present a strategic threat to NATO countries, it presents a real danger to security in the event that such elements could gain access to weapons of mass destruction. A significant change in NATO’s strategic doctrine following the end of the Cold War has been a loss of influence by the United States. American dominance within NATO has been a reality since the beginning of the alliance. Noetzel and Schreer (2009) observe th at the US set the terms of NATO’s formation and the country continued to play a leading role in its institutional development. This has changed and member states of the alliance today are more vocal about their opposition to the US policies. This is evident from the stance taken by Germany and France concerning the war in Iraq. NATO’s role has also expanded to include global interventionism. Wolff (2009) states that this radical change means that the alliance can be called upon to use its resources to maintain peace treaties or engage in combat to overthrow a government or hunt down terrorists. NATO Enlargement NATO has also pursued an aggressive policy of expansion over the last two decades. Enlargement serves the double purpose of strengthening European ties while at the same time broadening NATO’s influence in the world. Enlargement of NATO is made possible by Article 10 of the Washington Treaty which allows for the admission of new members. According to Arti cle 10, â€Å"any decision to invite a country to join the Alliance is taken by the North Atlantic Council, NATO’s principal decision-making body, on the basis of consensus among all Allies† (NATO, 2012). NATO membership has increased to 28 countries mostly because of the open door policy to European countries. Bosnia and Herzegovina are engaged in the Membership Action Plan, which is a precursor to attaining full membership, and can be expected to join the organization in the near future. NATO’s expansion process has been very successful and it has achieved remarkable outcomes. Seroka (2007) suggests that the expansion has not jeopardized relations with Russia, nor led to the remilitarization of the continent or increased tensions between member states on the European continent. On the contrary, NATO’s enlargement has led to modernization, standardization and increased the democratic control within the individual armed forces of its member states. The la rge-scale enlargement efforts of post Cold War NATO have turned the organization into an inclusive European-wide organization committed to democracy and positioned to eliminate, almost entirely, the possibility of inter-state conflict within Europe. However, Russia has reacted angrily to NATO’s post Cold War expansions that have been viewed as deliberate actions to increase the Western sphere of influence at Moscow’s expense (Goldgeier, 2009). Noetzel and Schreer (2009) note that â€Å"article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which limits new members to European territory places an important limitation on NATO’s expansion† (p.217). Because of this statute, the organization has been unable to accommodate willing partners from other continents. Seroka (2007) reveals that some of the allies led by the US hope to amend this in order to include members from all over the world and therefore guarantee NATO world-wide influence. These advocates see alliance with non-European democracies as crucial in a globalizing world. However, most members are concerned that such an expansion might dilute the alliance’s transatlantic character. NATO Issues Despite its significant successes, NATO has had some issues in the course of its existence. In its early years, the most serious crisis for NATO came in the form of Frances threat to withdraw from the Alliance. In March 1966, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that French forces would be withdrawn from the integrated military command of the NATO (Trachtenberg, 1999). This withdrawal was in retaliation to what was seen by Paris as an ever-growing dominance by the US within the organization (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). However, the ever-present threat of a Soviet attack prompted NATO members to resolve their conflicts and continue working together for a common defense. The internal cohesion of NATO has also been affected by the establishment of another security player in Europe. The Europea n Defense and Security Policy (EDSP), which was created in 1999, undermined and threatened the future cohesion of NATO. While the ESDP was supposed to be complementary to NATO’s capabilities, its objectives which are to provide military assistance to the EU states have undermined the importance of the Atlantic alliance. In response to the attractiveness of the ESDP, this body was incorporated into the larger framework of the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Some observers see the ESDP as a move by European nations to create a competing security apparatus and therefore re-nationalize their security by diminishing the US role in European security and defense affairs (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). The reactions by NATO following 9/11 were also divisive to its political cohesion. Following 9/11, the US pursued a more assertive stance on how NATO should be utilized to counter the new threats. To begin with, the US declared war on terrorism; a call that was supported by her NATO allies. While all the allies offered to support the US in its fight against international terrorism, the US administration chose not to give NATO a large role in the combat operation against the Taliban. Most European allies saw this as an indication that the US did not perceive the alliance to be of primary value in its efforts to shape the changing global security order (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). Another cause of contention in NATO was the US-led war against Iraq in 2003. From the onset, major European allies such as Germany and France opposed the war. However, the US went ahead and waged this controversial war. The political and military campaign against Saddam Hussein highlighted significant divisions between the US and some of her European allies. Cornish (2004) documents that those deep divisions almost led to the collapse of NATO. The Bush administration, which had called on the war against Saddam, was accused of using NATO as an instrument of US for eign policy. This is because the US expected uncritical political and military support for the invasion of Iraq from its allies. The alliance also suffers from a lack of commitment by all the members to consign troops to dangerous missions. This is evident from the war in Afghanistan where the US maintains the largest contingent. Most NATO countries have been unable to achieve the political support needed to send their troops to fight the Taliban. Goldgeier (2009) states that this reality has led to a â€Å"two-tiered alliance† comprising of those who are willing to fight, and those who are not. The recent years have seen an increase in divergence of interests within the organization. This has led some commentators to predict that the alliance is on the path to disintegration and, ultimately, its failure (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). This bleak reality is not the only possible future of NATO and provided the key challenges that the alliance faces are addressed, the future of the alliance is guaranteed. Discussion and Conclusion NATO remains to be a unique and invaluable alliance that continues to function as a reliable tool for multilateral military cooperation. The alliance is today engaged on several continents, under different capacities. This underscores the transformation that NATO has undergone since its formation in 1948. While some commentators argued that NATO had outlived its usefulness following the disappearance of the Soviet threat to Western Europe, the alliance has flourished and played a useful role in the past 2 decades. Most notably, it has countered ethnic abuses in the former Yugoslavia and is involved in efforts to counter Islamic terrorists in Afghanistan. This paper is set out to discuss NATO’s progress from its formation to today. It began by providing the historical context that made NATO necessary. It then articulated the three distinctive phases in NATO’s history, which are the Cold War era, the Post Cold War, and th e Post 9/11. The paper has revealed how the changes in the security environment have obliged NATO to transform itself and engage actively well beyond the territories of its members. NATO has evolved from the defensive entity, it was and it finds itself increasingly acting as a proactive risk manager. This alliance of transatlantic countries originally built to counter Soviet attack still presents the best instrument for combating the threats of the 21st century. References Cornish, P. (2004). NATO: the practice and politics of transformation. International Affairs, 80(1), 63-74. Goldgeier, J. (2009). NATO’s future: facing old divisions and new threats. Harvard International Review, 23(2), 48-51. Labarre, F. (2001). NATO-Russia relations and NATO enlargement in the Baltic Sea Region. Baltic Defense Review, 6(1), 46-69. Minuto-Rizzo, A. (2007). NATO’s Transformation and New Partnerships: The Mediterranean. Mediterranean Quarterly, 18(3), 1-13. NATO (2012). NATO enlargeme nt. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49212.htm. Noetzel, T., Schreer, B. (2009). Does a multi-tier NATO matter? The Atlantic alliance and the process of strategic change. International Affairs, 85(2), 211–226. Seroka, J. (2007). Security considerations in the Western Balkans: NATO’s evolution and expansion. East European Quarterly, 41(1), 25-38. Trachtenberg, M. (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement 1945-1963. Princeton University Press, 1999. Wolff, A. T. (2009). The structural and political crisis of NATO transformation. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 7(4), 476492. This essay on NATO: From Creation to Current Status was written and submitted by user Jenny C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Create a Copyright Page in 5 Minutes (with Template)

How to Create a Copyright Page in 5 Minutes (with Template) The Self-Publisher's Guide to the Copyright Page (with Template) Imagine the day of your book release. Your book is selling fast online, your book reviews are glowing, and your scheduled book promotions are up and running. In fact, everything’s going swimmingly in your plan to conquer the world with your self-published book  until you wake up in a cold sweat - realizing that you forgot to include a copyright page.Is it the end of the world? Not quite. There’s no book police that’s going to punish you for not writing one up. But there are great reasons for making sure that you include one in every title you publish.That, and it’s super easy to create one: we give you everything that you need. In this post, you can pick between two templates:Do you prefer a basic copyright page? Jump to this template.Do you want an extended copyright page with more bells and whistles? Go this way.Then we give you a third option: if you want something that writes it  for you (and professionally typesets your whole book), you can use t he Reedsy Book Editor, our free formatting tool. The Editor automatically generates a copyright page and places it in the right place in the front matter of your book.If you’re not sure which option  is for you, that’s what the rest of this post is for! Together, we’ll de-mystify the topic entirely. But before we get to that, let's quickly clear something up: is one really mandatory?Do you need a copyright page?In a word? No. First Edition First Edition: January 2018 This paperback edition first published in 2018Publisher DetailsPublishers never waste a chance to promote themselves! You’ll find their details on the copyright page of a traditionally-published book, which will include the publisher’s:NameAddressWebsiteIf you’re self-publishing, you should know that the publisher is you (not KDP or IngramSpark, for example.) As for the address, if you don’t want to make it public, that’s perfectly fine. Simply provide the URL to your website and give readers another method of contacting you.If you’re using the Reedsy Book Editor: The RBE makes this easy (though currently you can’t use it to print disclaimers - that feature is coming soon). Head over to the â€Å"Book Settings† tab again and fill out the relevant fields so that the RBE can create an ‘extended’ page for you.Frequently Asked QuestionsWhere should the copyright page go in a book?In general, the copyright page goes in one of two places: the front or the back of the book.The most common approach is to put it on the verso (the reverse side) of the title page. If you’re uploading a PDF to KDP, that means that you should make sure that it comes right after the title page and just before the table of contents.Alternatively, you might decide to save the best for the end. If you go this route, it will be the final page of your book. Asked and answered: all you ever wanted to know about the copyright page in this post #selfpub How do you copyright a book?You might already own the copyright to your work the minute you create it, but registering that copyright is a different story altogether (and strongly recommended).To register your copyright, you’ll need to go to copyright.gov. For more details, read our guide that’s dedicated exclusively to guiding you through the copyright registration process.What else might you see on the copyright page?The information in our copyright page templates is specific to self-publishers. But if you’re morbidly curious about everything that goes onto the page in a traditionally published book, we can give you the nitty-gritty:Printer’s key: This is the mysterious string of numbers. But (sorry to disappoint) it’s not going to be the riddle of the Sphinx: the printing numbers simply point to the print run. The smallest number that you see indicates the printing. For example: if the smallest number is â€Å"3,† then that’s the th ird printing of that edition.CIP data: Otherwise known as Cataloguing-in-Publication data, this is the Library of Congress’ bibliographic record for a book. It’s not available to self-publishers - so it’s one thing that you don’t need to worry about.However you choose to write up this page is up to you. It all depends on what information you want to put out there for safe-keeping. That should be a breath of relief - there's no wrong way to go about it. That said, if you've got more questions about the subject, please give us a shout in the comments!Have additional questions about copyright? Leave us a comment. We'll answer straightaway.

The Tet Offensive essays

The Tet Offensive essays There are few points in the Vietnam War where monumental changes were made. One of these points was during Tet Offensive. The past must be analyzed to understand how the Tet Offensive changed the war. The Communist party in North Vietnam realized that they needed to exploit the weaknesses of South Vietnam and their American allies. The North wanted to create a rift between the American soldiers and the ARVN troops. They also wanted the American public to think that America was loosing the war. To accomplish these tasks they planned the Tet Offensive. The Tet offensive was an attack focused mostly in the province of Khe Sanh. It has been estimated that in that area alone 25,000 NVA troops attacked. Luckily though, American intelligence had expected a major attack in this area. However the NVA only had success in Hue and Saigon. Hue stayed in NVA control until the end of February, .during which time the NVA and NLF had enough time to massacre 2,500 people with another 3,500 people who have been suspected to be killed. In Saigon 5 battalions of NLF infiltrated the city and kept the fighting in Saigon to last a week. This week long struggle for the city destroyed blocks of Saigon and left the United States with the black images of the embassy being taken. Many of these events have been made out to be a major failure. However this was a military success. 35,000 North troops died from that battle while only 1,100 American troops and 2,700 ARVN were killed. This could be the first major event of defeatist media. They made this battle seem to be the horrible massacre of American troops where the North were going to crush the South. This also made the moral of the American troops head steadily downward. This was the beginning of the end of US involvement in Vietnam. The words of Ho Chi Minh echo through this incident. When he said You will kill 10 of our men, and we will kill 1 of yours, and in the end it will be you who tire...

To what extent did diplomacy effect the rise of the modern state from Essay

To what extent did diplomacy effect the rise of the modern state from 1648-1815 - Essay Example 1997). This requires a less teleological view of the emergence of the modern state by placing far more emphasis on the interrogation of the ostensible and hidden motivations of the diplomats of each era, who after all were the catalysts for change in the political arena. The ‘Westphalian’ state arose from the chaos of more than hundred years of European power struggle and it was brought about by the fiscal and military exhaustion of the participants. The need to put an end to the human, financial and environmental devastation brought the parties together in a five-year long diplomatic undertaking, with the goal of establishing collective security and a balance of power. Agreement was finally reached in 1648 on a new configuration of Europe that curtailed the power of the Holy Roman Empire and increased the number of member states substantially to allow sufficient numbers of states to form alliances that would constitute a ‘balance of power’ to avoid future c onflicts. The Peace of Westphalia also empowered diplomacy to be the first and foremost means of maintaining security. Also enshrined in the ‘Westphalian peace treaties’ was the ideal that ‘state interests’ prevailed beyond all other reasons, based on the hope that princes would not let themselves be ruled by ‘disorderly appetites’ (Nathan J., 2002). It was thus firmly established that from then on, secular state interests were to be of primary importance and they were to be guarded by loyal, professional servants of this state, who were skilled in states craft and diplomacy. The underlying aim was to achieve that no one state could ever again gain supremacy. Many of the theories underlying the negotiations of Westphalia, had their origin in the politics of the Italian city-states but it was in Munster and Osnabruck that they were consolidated and shaped into rules and regulations, which from then on occupied politicians and theoreticians alike (Cruz, L. 1997). The value the Italians had placed on diplomacy had depended on ‘balance of power’, counteracting the dominance of Venice with the alliance of the remaining four states, under the watchful eyes of Lorenzo de Medici and Ferdinand of Naples, whose vigilance acted as ‘preventative diplomacy’ (Rucellai and Guicciardini in Sheehan, M., 2002). There were, however flaws in the system set up in 1648 that were not present in the Venetian, particularly in relation to diplomacy and the concept of ‘balance of power’, which in the much larger European theatre lacked clear definition and prominence. Most importantly, however, there was no diplomatic mechanism in place during peace times and no watchful group of sovereigns as there were in Venice (Treasure, M., 2003). This effectively meant that every act of aggression could directly lead to war, in the absence of a diplomatic charter that would prescribe arbitration and despite the fact that ‘recourse to arms was outlawed’, (Nathan, J., 2002) The treaties of Westphalia called for ‘great conferences’ in the case of impending conflict (Grotius cited in Nathan, J., 2002), but the ‘collective response’ was to prove problematic in the coming decades, as few states