Software Piracy in Lebanon :: Software Piracy Expository Essays

Programming Piracy in Lebanon Conceptual What is it about duplicating programming that is alluring? Essentially in light of the fact that it is free. In the United States, one may reconsider before replicating a Microsoft item. Copyright issues are everywhere throughout the media - recollect Napster? For a time of a year, we read incalculable accounts of understudies everywhere throughout the US and the world that were captured for duplicating and exchanging MP3s. In any case, head out over the Atlantic to the turbulent universe of Lebanon and one would not mull over duplicating a rendition of Microsoft Office 2000. What is the probability of getting captured? Essentially a 0% possibility. With political tumult encompassing Lebanon since its autonomy in 1943, the absence of law implementation permits an assortment of violations to happen - probably the greatest one being programming theft. About 89% of the product in Lebanon is unlawfully acquired. Area I gives a short diagram of how the inceptions of Lebanon. Area II portrays the legislative issues of Lebanon. The target of Section I and Section II is to show to the peruser how the absence of a steady government and any obvious law requirement takes into consideration so much robbery. Segment III examines in more prominent detail programming robbery and Intellectual Property security in Lebanon. Segment IV gives the author’s perspective. Sources and endnotes can be found in Section V and Section VI separately. Area I: Introduction Setting up Lebanon2 The historical backdrop of the Middle East is rich with a varied blend of ethnicities and culture. Prior to World War I, the area that we currently call the Middle East was managed by the Ottoman Empire. After the finish of World War I, the Ottoman Empire lessened. Turkey developed through crafted by the Allies. Mesopotamia, a territory loaded up with custom and beneficial products, was part among Britain and France. With the help of the French, the Maronites, a faction of the Roman Catholic Church, set up a solid political status in what is currently cutting edge Beirut, Tripoli, and a large portion of the Lebanon coast. Beginning in the mid 1900s, the Maronites had squeezed for the development of this little Lebanese domain to what they contended was its characteristic and authentic limits. Their contention was that the zone had consistently had a one of a kind social and chronicled character, not the same as its environmental factors, which made it required for the French to concede it as an autonomous state.

FlagLive :: Personal Narrative Traveling Essays

FlagLive It's an impractically delightful summer evening in northern California, the warmth of the day having passed, the sky and earth resounding splendid hues against one another as though having intercourse. Only i'm, riding my bike through a redwood backwoods on my way to a campground, where my riding pal and I had consented to meet. Transcending above like monster sentinels, the trees feel invigorated, inviting, as though the spirits of the woods are ceremoniously accepting home a reckless child. I fold into camp, and Fred (my voyaging friend) is as of now there. It's just been around six hours, yet we're as glad to see each other as though it had been a couple of days. Our campground, settled in the woods, is close to a glade, where elk feed at their recreation. We settle in and began cooking our standard pot of stew, which typically comprises of grains, vegetables, and canned meat - whatever we found, and preferred, on the market racks. The day's ride incorporated a progression of steep ascensions, so we were thinking about how our British companions (one an understudy from Oxford, the other from Bath), likewise making a similar southward trek from Oregon to California, had fared. Exactly as expected, they fold into camp similarly as dinner is practically prepared, this time with two 40-ounce containers of beer and a jug of tequila, yet next to zero food. Fred and I are glad to see them. They've become a wellspring of motivation, for which we are glad to give pieces of sustenance. Ordinarily, they'd fold into camp around 7:00 or somewhere in the vicinity, with only their bikes, their tent, and liquor, and they'd get serious - the matter of having a ton of fun. They'd begin drinking, or fire up a J, or both. At that point they'd meander arou nd the different campgrounds, acquainting themselves with anybody and everybody, celebrating the night, if conceivable. Meanwhile, Fred had just met two different riders, whom we'd welcome to dinner. Late alumni of Boston College, they got known to us throughout the following hardly any days (they were additionally venturing to every part of a similar course) as Watch Girl and Chocolate Detective. As the stew cooked, the gathering was on. Ilana (Chocolate Detective) asked us for what reason we stayed in bed separate tents. We disclosed to her that in the event that we didn't, we'd jump on one another's nerves. She shot back, Your two tents! (You're excessively tense!) Bam.

Blog Archive MBA Career Advice What If I Already Told That Story

Blog Archive MBA Career Advice What If I Already Told That Story In this weekly series, our friends at MBA Career Coaches will be dispensing invaluable advice to help you actively manage your career. Topics include building your network, learning from mistakes and setbacks, perfecting your written communication, and mastering even the toughest interviews. For more information or to sign up for a free career consultation, visit  www.mbacareercoaches.com. You are in the interview. It is going well. You have had the chance to field a question about leadership, one about teamwork, and one about your strategic problem solving abilities. Then the interviewer asks you this: “Tell me about an achievement you are really proud of.” Uh oh â€" you have already burned your proudest accomplishment story in the leadership question when you talked about a big benefit you planned!! You know you can’t repeat the same story or you will look like a one-trick pony. But you didn’t prepare another answer and nothing else comes immediately to mind. What do you do? First, creating your Story Matrix will help you avoid this experience. But if you end up there anyway, follow these three easy steps to get out of this moment “alive.” 1. Be honest. If the benefit truly is the thing you are proudest of, it’s ok to acknowledge that. A natural response might be to say: “You know what? I would say that the benefit I planned and executed that I already told you about is really the accomplishment I am most proud of. I’d say that for a few reasons. First, because ______. Second, because ______. And finally because we were able to have such an impact on ________.” 2. Remember an interview is a dialogue between two intelligent adults. So check in with the interviewer. Give her the chance to guide what you do next. “But I imagine you’d like to hear me speak about something else, so would you like me to tell you about another accomplishment I am really proud of?” 3. a story Then if she says “Yes,” tell a different story. The added benefit of talking first about the other experience and then checking in is that it buys you a little more thinking time. At this point, you no longer need to share about yourproudest accomplishment, so some of the pressure is off. Talk about something else you are proud of. For extra bonus points, try to pick something from an arena of life you haven’t yet covered â€" extracurricular activities, hobbies, or even personal relationships. Turn an otherwise stressful moment to your advantage! Share ThisTweet MBA Career Advice

The Poetry of Robert Frost Essay - 754 Words

Robert Frost has long been recognised as one of America’s greatest poets. Each poem begins with a straightforward description of a place or situation and then gently moves towards commentary and reflection on human life. There are life lessons to be learned in every poem which appeal to the reader both intellectually and emotionally. Frost deals with various aspects of human life throughout his poetry, such as; childhood, relationships, death, decision making, depression etc. Frost expresses these themes and emotions in a very personal way and yet each can be interpreted on a universal level. For example ‘The Road Not Taken’ deals with the complexities of decision making. By using the metaphorical image of ‘two roads diverged’ Frost†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœOut in the rain-and back in the rain’. ‘Acquainted With The Night’ has a very controlled rhyme scheme ( aba, bcb, cdc..) Again this poem is written in very simple, direct language, a feature which appears constant throughout Frost’s work. In ‘Acquainted With The Night’ Frost expresses a feeling of alienation and similarly throughout ‘Mending Wall’ Frost contemplates the necessity of physical boundaries between people which would effectively isolate them from one and other. Once again, we see Frosts use of simple, clear, direct language. He uses subtle humour to convey his thoughts on the need for a wall. ‘My apple trees.. eat the cones under his pines’ ‘Isn’t it where there are cows? But here there are no cows’. The humour here is very effective and establishes Frost as a very clever poet as he is able to make a profound topic very accessible. ‘Out, Out’ focuses on the brevity of life and emotions associated with death. The title of this poem echoes Shakespeare’s â€Å"Out, out, brief candle†, which also comments on the same point, the candle being a metaphor for life. We are given an idyllic family setting in Vermont where a ‘big boy is doing a man’s work’. But the saw ‘leaped’ out of his hand and ‘he saw all spoiled’. Frost’s use of personification here, reallyShow MoreRelatedThe Poetry Of Robert Frost3137 Words   |  13 Pagesis to examine the poetry of Robert Frost for references to themes of nature, religion, and humanity and how they relate to each other. This exercise will be prefaced with a brief introduction to the man and his life as a segue to better understanding Frost’s verse. The unexpected but unavoidable aim of this composition will be to realize that Frost’s body of work is almost too sophisticated to comprehen d, his manipulation of language so elusive that each reader may believe Frost is speaking only toRead MoreThe Poetry of Robert Frost Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pagesyour window and wondered what the world really means? Reading Robert Frost’s poetry you will be able to form your own opinion and thoughts about this pulchritudinous world. His poetry is so deep and meaningful you will be overwhelmed with what was going through this man’s head. Life is not paradisiacal, and this is something Robert Frost knew but his poetry gave insight to the people of his time and the generations to come. Although Robert Frosts life was far from perfect he was still an extraordinaryRead MoreThe Poetry of Robert Lee Frost810 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words,† Robert Frost once said. As is made fairly obvious by this quote, Frost was an adroit thinker. It seems like he spent much of his life thinking about the little things. He often pondered the meaning and symbolism of things he found in nature. Many readers find Robert Frost’s poems to be straightforward, yet his work contains deeper layers of complexity beneath the surface. These deeper layers of complexity can be clearlyRead MoreRobert Frost And Modern Poetry1245 Words   |  5 Pagesmodern day poetry a bit, but few have done so much as Robert Frost has in the ways of influencing today’s poetry. A man widely renowned and respected in America, Frost used his shockingly modern writing style to help pave a path for the poems of the future. By analyzing this great poet, one can only hope to discover the true, raw meaning of the written words that have had a lasting impact on the views and, more importantly, on the world of poetry. This essay will explain how Robert Frost used hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s Poetry1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthan a modern poet, it is difficult to place him in the main current of m odern poetry. (1962:138) Because Frost s poetry has been responsive and illustrative of the Americans taste and aspirations, the latter have considered him their singer and bard to be acclaimed as America s Grand Man of Poetry as pointed out by Adlia Stevenson. (Grave,1985:2). Moreover, who is generally considered as one of the most prominent American poets of the 20th century, he is a symbolist poet on the groundsRead MorePoetry Analysis Robert Frost Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesPOETRY ANALYSIS: DESIGN Robert Frosts poem Design seemingly disputes the question whether there is a design to life; yet, he is not able to establish an answer. Despite the comlexity of his poem his implied message is rather simple. Frosts statement clarified humans eagerness to finding a meaning to life and an essential background and reason to events, regardless of how small and insignificant they might be. His work states an advice not to interpret too much into insignificant conincidencesRead MoreRobert Frost Poetry: Rhyme Schemes1178 Words   |  5 PagesRhyme Schemes of Robert Frost’s Poetry Jake Jelsone English 120-08 A rhyme is defined as a verse or poetry having correspondence in the terminal sounds of the lines. One of the best examples of a poet that mastered rhyming beautifully was Robert Frost. Robert Frost was one of the best poets of the twentieth century. He is highly admired for his work about rural life and command for the English language. While many poets like to free verse their poetry, Robert Frost normally does not. OneRead MoreRobert Frost s Poetry Style1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmodern day poetry a bit, but few have done so much as Robert Frost has in the ways of influencing today’s poetry. A man widely renowned and respected in America, Frost used his shockingly modern writing style to help pave a path for the poems of the future. By analyzing this great poet, one can only hope to discover the true, raw meaning of the written words that have had a lasting impact on the views and, more importantly, on the world of poetry. This essay will explain how Robert Frost used hi sRead MoreEssay on An Assessment of the Poetry of Robert Frost2857 Words   |  12 Pages beauty and innocence in human life is much the same as the years progress. Robert Lee Frost uses nature in such a profound approach; every aspect of nature can someway correlate with any characteristic of life. Whether it is the beauty in nature signifying the joy and happiness that every person experiences, or it be the traumatic losses and disappointments that may lead to ultimate failure or destruction, Robert Frost illustrates life, love and loss in the most natural and beautiful way feasibleRead MoreThree Elements Of Robert Frost Poetry1145 Words   |  5 PagesThere are three common elements that feature in much of Robert Frost’s poetry. The first is a portrayal of nature through vivid imagery (as appears in â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay†), which partially stems from Frost’s life as a farmer in rural New England (Pritchard). The second is a discussion of depression, darkness, and death (as appears in â€Å"Out, Out—† and â€Å"Acquainted with the Night†), which issues from Frost’s own experiences after his 3-year-old son, mother, and grandfather died within two years of

Definition and Examples of Voice in Grammar

Pip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations

Pip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is a compelling story rich in friendship, love and fortune. The main character, Pip, is a dynamic character that undergoes many changes through the course of the book and throughout this analysis, the character Pip, will be identified and his gradual change through the story will be quoted and explained. The main character, Pip, is a gentle character. His traits include humbleness, kindness, and lovingness and these traits are most likely the cause of his childhood poverty and appreciating life where it stands. In the beginning of the story, Pip is a mild mannered little boy who goes on with his†¦show more content†¦You suspect he calls himself Pip because of his wild imagination and the thinking that goes through his mind, when he combines his Christian and family name together. By the boy calling himself by Pip, it shows the childish youthfulness of his character, as Pip is a youthful name compared to the likes of Phillip which sounds more grown and older. By Pip calling himself by that name especially, shows his humbleness as it doesn’t sound high class and is very formal, but he seems to like the name Pip â€Å"†¦I supposed that both Joe Gargery and I were brought up by hand.† Again said by Pip, this quote explains Pip’s meaning of being brought up by hand, which is by being beaten by his sister, Mrs Joe. Again as Pip is young, with a wide imagination, he uses the phrase ‘brought by hand’ as a more simpler, friendly and less violent explanation for how he was brought up, as oppose to being hit or beaten which is more graphical for a young child to say normally. â€Å"†¦for he gave me a look that I did not understand, and it all passed in a moment. But if he had looked at me for an hour, or a day, I could not have remembered his face ever afterwards, as having been more attentive.† Pip is talking about Magwitch, the convict, after the soldiers catch him. This passage is important to the story because it foreshadows all that isShow MoreRelatedSocial Class Of The Victorian Era1282 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Queen Victoria took control of England in 1837, the country was undergoing many social changes. Social status was no longer based on lineage and was now determined by an individual’s financial status. Lower class individuals were shamed and judged by members of the elite social classes. Things like fashion and language were used to categorize people into certain social classes. This categorization came with the prejudices and stereotypes that were common among members of a certain class. ThisRead MoreDickens Views on Victorian Englands Class System1084 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Expectations, a novel written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian era. This novel was set in early Victorian England at a time when great social changes were taking pla ce. During the late eighteenth and nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution had transformed the social landscape, allowing industrialists and manufacturers to accumulate huge fortunes that would otherwise have been inaccessible. Aside from the political and economic change which occurred, a profound social change tookRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations972 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel â€Å"Great Expectation† by Charles Dickens, is written from the perspective of an innocent boy, Pip, whose life is faced with different challenges and expectations. Growing up in a small village with a ruthless and violent sister who shows him little love causes him to be sensitive. In essence, the narrator not only begins to yearn for love and acceptance, but he also develops a high desire of becoming a gentleman in order to obtain genuine happiness. According to Pip, being a gentleman isRead MoreEssay on Pips Development Through Character Interactions1304 Words   |  6 Page sThroughout Dickens’ novel Great Expectations, the character, personality, and social beliefs of Pip undergo complete transformations as he interacts with an ever-changing pool of characters presented in the book. Pip’s moral values remain more or less constant at the beginning and the end; however, it is evident that in the time between, the years of his maturation and coming of adulthood, he is fledgling to find his place in society. Although Pip is influenced by many characters throughout the novelRead MoreGreat Expectations1707 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Human nature is the psychological and social qualities that characterize humankind. Human nature separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. The underlining theme of human nature is evident in Great Expectation by Charles Dickens use of his characters. A main characteristic that Dickens displays is friendship. The friendship between Pip and Herbert is strong. Herbert was significant to Pip’s growth in social class and eventual to his revelation. â€Å"Friendship was oneRead MoreGreat Expectations and a Christmas Carol: a True Gentleman Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations and A Christmas Carol: A True Gentleman According to Dictionary.com, a gentleman is a civilized, educated, sensitive, or well-mannered man. However, by Victorian definition, a gentleman was, perhaps most importantly, a rich man. â€Å"Charles Dickens†¦was an author of relatively humble origins who desired passionately to be recognized as a gentleman, and insisted, in consequence, upon the essential dignity of his occupation† (Victorian Web). In Great Expectations he portrays Pip, aRead MoreEssay Pips Great Expectations894 Words   |  4 Pages In the novel, â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens, the main character Philip Pirrip, who is known as â€Å"Pip† throughout the novel, has a series of great expectations that he goes through. The title of the novel, as many other great book titles, comes with various meanings that are present in the story. In the literal sense Pip’s â€Å"great expectations† refer to the 19th century meaning, which involve receiving a large inheritanc e. Meanwhile, on a deeper level Pip sets goals that he hopes to accomplishRead More The Two Endings of Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe Two Endings of Charles Dickens Great Expectations No novel is complete without a good ending. Although the introductory and middle portions are important as well, the conclusion is what the reader tends to remember most. When Charles Dickens wrote Great Expectations, he crafted a work that is truly excellent the whole way through. From the moment Pip is introduced until he and Estella walk out of the garden in the final chapter, this book exhibits an uncanny ability to keepRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 PagesCommonly, a novel is either a plot driven novel, a character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natu res. This is evident from the beginningRead MoreGreat Expectations Analysis1614 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations was written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian period and follows the life of Pip, our protagonist, as he works his way up the social hierarchy of the Victorian society. It was first published as series from 1860 to 1861. It is written as a bildungsroman: a genre of writing which pursues the life of a character from their childhood to their adult life. This novel has been hugely influenced by the author’s own life; who also worked his way up the social ladder. The story is

John Henry free essay sample

The world of alternative rock of late has been taken over by too manyflannel-clad lead singers, too many distortion pedals, and too many major labelshoping to sign the next Nirvana. To be deemed alternative now, all one needs area few indecipherable lyrics, some well-placed feedback, and a few stage divers intheir videos hurling themselves into swarms of sweaty bodies all acting as thoughthey invented slam-dancing. After awhile it all appears the same. That is whylistening to John Henry, They Might Be Giants fifth full-length album, is sucha refreshing and rewarding experience. There are no contrived images and phonyposturing, just well-crafted songs, amusing lyrics, and the usual bit ofquirkiness that defines all of the They Might Be Giants albums. JohnHenry marks the debut of TMBGs full piece band which augments nicely JohnFlansburghs and John Linnells off-center lyrics and steady vocals, providing apleasant listening experience. As with other TMBG albums, John Henry presentssongs that deal with all sorts of topics which, on the surface, appear ashumorous songs with catchy sing-along-able hooks. We will write a custom essay sample on John Henry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, as one probes deeperinto the lyrics, one finds TMBG singing about not-so-humorous topics such asthought control, depression, and recluse artists. On the laid back Dirt Bike,the band uses the title as an odd metaphor for brainwashing institutions (Allhail the dirt bike, philosopher dirt bike Mind bending dirt bike incontrol). This theme is continued in the song I Should be Allowed to Thinkwhich incorporates the first line of Allen Ginsbergs classic poem, Howl intothe lyrics. On the lighter side, TMBG deals with the problem of a wandering mindon Unrelated Thing. The clever lyrics include: Do you smile cause Imfunny? said the man./I wasnt joking and I meant the thing I said./Not at all,not at all,/said the woman to the man./I was thinking of an unrelated thing.Continuing to mix the serious with the whimsical, TMBG shines on John Henry.

Work Place Observation an Example by

Work Place Observation The success of any organization depends on a number of factors key of which include; how well resources are utilized communication process, diversity management as well as how well the company utilizes the resources at its disposal. Of all resources at the disposal of an organization none is as crucial as human resources. In an organization such as a restaurant, communication management is a vital area in determining organizational success. Restaurants are in the hospitality industry, which largely depends on customary relations and public relations for success. Constantly, staff in a restaurant have to effectively communicate with customers since the impressions the staff creates on the clients or patrons goes a long way in determining whether that client will become a loyal customer or leave a dissatisfied customer and therefore the organization will loose out on the opportunity to benefit from customers role in marketing the restaurants products. Need essay sample on "Work Place Observation" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed There are several types of communications which organizations such as restaurants can utilize so as to effectively ensure business success. While verbal communication skills are important, equally important is the non-verbal communication which employees in an organization use. The way employees in a restaurant speak to clients the way they listen, how they exchange, communiqus determines the satisfaction levels of customers. Communication plays a very important role in that if effectively applied it can lead to a great sense of satisfaction not only to the customers of the restaurant but also to the employees themselves. Most restaurants employ a significant number of employees to work in customer relations related positions as a result; there is a need for team spirit amongst the various employees if functional teams are to be achieved. If team spirit is lacking efficiency is greatly affected and as a result the organization ends up loosing business. For communication to be effective, it needs to be the right content, communicated through the best form of media and aimed at the right destiny. Organizational diversity within a restaurant is very important for a number of reasons for instance; restaurants unlike most other type of businesses enjoy an unlimited patronage by diverse customers. For instance if a restaurant is located in Miami in a predominately white town, such a restaurant must consider the fact that it cannot restrict visitors such as those from different cultural background and therefore the restaurant must align its internal and external processes to suit a variety of diverse cultures. One way in which an organization can ensure it is tolerant to diversity whether cultural or otherwise diversity is by recruiting employees from different cultural background this is crucial in that when customers patronize a restaurant and they notice diversity they are most likely to be impressed by the diversity in the restaurant. Dressing code and language used in a restaurant goes a long way in determining how people perceive the restaurant. Food industry is one of the most sensitive industries because it directly touches on hygiene of people. No one wants a restaurant, which is not conducive. The dressing code speaks volume about the organization it can even constitute an important component of the marketing strategy of the organization. In other words a good dressing code is more likely to market an organization as value driven while a less impactful dress is less likely to draw customers into the restaurant. The language used in a restaurant by staff should be professional and official. If it is the case of restaurant or hotel jargon then it has to be applied sensitively considering that some customers may have poorly mastery of the jargon and its overuse is likely to be counterproductive. Conflicts will always emerge whenever people work as a team in an organization. Restaurants are not an exception and restaurant managers must be well equipped with conflict resolution strategies such as; avoidance, accommodation as well as collaboration strategy. Technology is very central to performance of restaurants considering the fact that where technology is applied appropriately production increases. However, the most significant impact that technology has had on culture is the fact that it has faced out cultural methods of action replacing them with modern techniques. While for restaurants, communications is very important because it is what customers depend on to learn about the organization an investment firm is quite different in that communication is formal and it is most done during the marketing phase of the selling process. Unlike it is the case with restaurants investment firms put little emphasis on dressing code but definitely investment firms place a lot of importunate to language/jargon. Hospitals on the other hand have strict communication processes laid down on medics code of ethics. Equally important to hospitals is the dressing codes as well as jargon. Conflict management skills come in handy when resolving issues between patients and health care providers. Technology has changed the way hospitals functions and has had a positive impact on hospital culture. The communication industry is very wide but communication practices, organizational diversity, dress and language as well as technology are given prominence as they hold the key to the success of the communication firms. In conclusion, it is evident that communication, organizational diversity, dress and language, conflict management as well technology are important factors in the work place regardless of which industry an organization belongs to. REFERENCES: Agocs Carol. 1997. Institutionalized resistance to organizational change.denial, inaction and repression. Journal of business ethics VOL 16 No. 9 Bashein, Barbara J.M, Lynne Markus and Patricia Riley.1994. Business Reengineering, preconditions for BPR Success and how to prevent failure. Information systems management 11.

ETA essays

ETA essays III. A Definition of Social Movement 3 IV. The Background of the Basque Movement 4 VI. ET@ From Social Movement to Violence 6 VII. The Government response to ETA violence 7 Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. The roots of what we today call terrorism can be traced back some 2.000 years. The act of terrorism has remained static and has evolved considerably over the years, even if retaining some of the same characteristics that have historically typified it. Moreover, todays terrorism is in many instances motivated by religious convictions. But also it has often possessed a political dimension. A separatist group frequently founded on violence, regardless of the ideals it expresses, recognises a certain legitimacy and common sense to its use of violence. This can also be said in the case of ETA. This Essay will examine if ETA is a Terrorist Group or if they are separatists who utilises violence thus constituting a terrorist organisation. The question of whether or not the ETA movement constitutes terrorism or employs terrorism in their struggle is an empirical one. There is no question that the Basque struggle exemplifies the use of armed assault to further ethnic nationalist aims. But the question is, as to the degree to which ETA matches the definition of a terrorist group. After a short Introduction will Chapter II outline different understandings of the term terrorism. Chapter III gives a short overview of Social Movement and the IV. Chapter point out The Background of the Basque Movement. Chapter V. illustrates The Origins of ETA. Chapter VI deals with ET@ From Separatist Movement to Violence. Following with the VII. Chapter that highlights The Spanish Government reaction to the violence of ETA. The last Chapter of this Essay close with a summery. There exist no agreed universal definition of terrorism nor it is defined anywhere in the United Natio...

Effectiveness of Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Effectiveness of Business Communication - Essay Example Planning a business message is the first step in ensuring that the organization’s goals and objectives are achieved. Prior planning prevents failure and, therefore, planning before- hand the intended purpose of the business message is very helpful (Courtland & Thill, 2008). To ensure that one gets the right message across, research has to be done or carried out. This is with the intention of finding out if the organization is capable of carrying out or handling the intended message. If members of the organization agree with the intended message, it is okay to carry on. If the intended message does not augur well with some of the members of the organization, it is important that whoever is in charge goes back to the drawing board to re-evaluate the proposal. When the research is being carried out, the intended audience should have a say in the matter. This is to prevent little or no satisfaction from members of the group after the message has been put across. After the intended message’s information has been analysed and gathered, it is tantamount that it, the information, be organized orderly (Courtland & Thill, 2008). This is so that it may support the intended message completely. The next stage is the writing stage. This is where the information being planned is adapted. It should be adapted to the intended audience with consideration to their needs (Courtland & Thill, 2007). Communicating to the audience in a polite manner is the best way to go about this. Adopting a ‘don’t care’ mentality is not how to go about this because the audience may not be responsive. The message should be written in a manner that suggests or oozes positivity because the intended audience is much connected to the business as much as the person writing the message. It should also be unbiased. This suggests that the language used to communicate the message should not be for a specific group of people rather, should cover everyone in the organization. The use of a good tone when writing the message is also needed. Good tone use in a message could indicate that the writer is appreciative of the audience intended. If the tone comes off as being harsh, the audience mi ght think they are unappreciated and, therefore, may not be as productive as they ought to be (Courtland & Thill, 2007). Feeling appreciated in any job description means that one may consider putting in extra effort just to be acknowledged. This means that the organization may benefit tremendously from the extra and hard work. The words chosen when drafting a business message could also be very helpful in communication. Strong and positive words may help the message have a very strong impact and can come off as being coherent (Courtland & Thill, 2007). Addressing the audience in a manner to suggest that they are slow may take the seriousness out of the message. They may also not take it very lightly to the fact that they are being thought of as being slow. The completion of the message is the third, final stage. This stage involves other

Film Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Evaluation - Essay Example What is Nixon guilty of? The film uses multiple perspectives to question his military strategies in Vietnam and Cambodia and, of course, the break-in to the Watergate hotel office of the Democratic Party and the subsequent cover up. Audiences see Frost and Reston, a researcher representing liberal criticism of Nixon’s foreign and domestic policy, using these interviews as a mock trial for Nixon. Nixon’s camp views the interviews as a re-election campaign, a fence mending expedition, and a path back to the East and the Capital beltway, which I didn’t realize before watching this film. During the interview process, Frost and Nixon’s interview-prep teams act like campaign advisors and spin doctors. The film reveals a Nixon whose political ambition soothed an ego, who stretched past the judicial limits of executive privilege. Nixon, who was granted a full pardon by President Ford, discusses his conflicts with the bipartisan Congress and Media and his frustrati on with the American checks and balances system. The film becomes as much about exploring Nixon’s feeling that what he did was â€Å"wrong,† but paradoxically not â€Å"wrong† because he did it as president as about the influence of American media as a fourth branch, a watchdog of American democracy and political transparency. II: Analysis of Political Ideas Conveyed within Frost/Nixon As the film opens, Director Howard and Writer Morgan expose viewers to a plethora of media clippings from nightly news programs, presidential interviews and public events, the formal Watergate hearings, and the voice of the average citizen. While these clippings provide background information and certainly provide urgency and interest in this cinematic event, they oversimplify the complex, elongated task of these revelations and impeachment process. One of the main criticisms of this film deal with the compression of time and boiled down simplification of the steps and factors cul minating in Nixon’s resignation. In a 2009 article, Reston himself commented: â€Å"For that televised interview in 1977, four hours of interrogation had been boiled down to 90 minutes. For the stage and screen, this history has been compressed a great deal more, into something resembling a comedic tragedy† (para. 5). The issues of the historical veracity of almost every step of this screenwriting process and cinematic manipulation has become an ongoing, contentious issue among political journalists and pundits. The ethics of the original interview put David Frost, his camp, and media itself on trial within this film and questions the unbiased nature of Frost’s interviews. The first segment of Frost/Nixon focuses on Frost and Nixon dancing around each other as Frost attempts to raise funds to secure an interview with Nixon as well as find a reputable network to air the interviews. Yet, as I previously did not know, all the established networks scoff at Frostâ₠¬â„¢s party image and lack of political expertise and refuse to be involved or lend their credibility to support Frost’s initiative. Specifically, the networks refer to their policy not to pay for interviews while Nixon’s Hollywood agent is requiring a staggering 600,000 dollars, 200, 000 of which must be up front for an afternoon exploratory meeting. The angle on the Frost’s first scribbled check to Nixon sheds light upon both Frost and Nixon’

Online Game Addiction Essay Example for Free

Online Game Addiction Essay Online game addiction is no longer just a worry of an American-chubby-child’s mother, but the worry of many parents in Cambodia and other less affluent countries. Recently, more teenage Cambodians were addicted to online games, in order to satisfy their fantasy of being heroes or warriors. Cambodian teens would rather eat less or even skip meals just to save money for the online games. Other than spending money, they also wasted their time. According to Chheng Roth Donior, a Cambodian teen, he normally spends three to five hours a day in internet cafes, even under the threat of his mother. It might have sounded strange to you, since Cambodia is not a wealthy country and most of the urban teens do not have internet at home, and why would they be addicted to online games? One of the reasons is more and more internet cafes have opened up, and Web access is growing rapidly these years. Another reason would be the teenagers in fact do not know they’re addicted to the online games or its harmful effects. The consequence of online game addiction could be serious, for example, last year in South Korea, a man died after playing online games for five days straight. For sure, the teenagers would waste all their money and time on those internet cafes. They would have less incentive to work or study since the satisfaction gained from the games is far more than those they could gain in their daily lives. It would also harm the gamers’ health (e. g. with poorer eyesight and less exercise) and would lower their face to face communication skills. Later, they may not be able to distinguish between the reality and the created world. Teenagers are the future of the country, measures must be taken as soon as possible to curb the addiction. First, promotion from the government is very crucial. The teenagers may not understand the harmful effects of online game addictions, government should advertise the harmful effect and possible consequences through mass media, i. e. TV advertisements, news paper, radio etc. Posters should also posted in school, streets and especially the internet cafes, just like a warning note must also included on the package of cigarettes. For why the teenagers would addict to online games, is that they could gain a sense of satisfaction by beating down their created enemies. Therefore, the teachers and parents of the teenagers should help them build their confidence, like giving them chances to develop their talents. For example, school can provide more Extra-curriculum activities for them afterschool. They should also help the teenagers to identify their dreams and targets, assuring them that nothing is impossible and encourage them to fight for their dreams through talks and lessons. Then they would not stick to the computer screens, instead, they would work very hard on their dreams. On their ways towards their goals, parents and teachers should give supports and advice to them. Third, government should set up clinics to help the gamers overcome their internet addictions, just like what China and South Korea did. The clinics should provide counseling and information about online game addiction, this could help those people who had already addicted to online games. Lastly, education is always the last resort of most problems. Schools and parents have the responsibility in teaching the teens about the harmful effects of online game addiction. They should educate the students or their children starting from their childhood. Schools can hold more talks on the issue in order to make sure that they receive related information. If we do not cope with the problem as soon as possible, the situation would become more complicated and serious. The solutions I suggested above would definitely help dealing with the problem, and I hope the situation would be improved soon.

Essay --

Morgan Phelps Phelps 1 Mr. Pickett Period 3 March 14, 2014 Many people don’t realize that women have never been fully respected and taken serious. Women all around have never been treated equal or given the same responsibilities as men because of their gender. Women in this country and many others, have not been given the right to vote. They have never been fully respected in the workplace by their co-workers or employers. Women have not always been given the freedom in their professional choices.They again have never been free to be who they want to be in life.There is all kinds of things that women can not do because of their gender but things are slowly changing for the better. Unlike most men, women have not always been given the opportunity to vote. Before the 1920’s women were not allowed to vote (www.history.com). Rarely did you ever see women who had a job.The average daily life of a women would consist of cooking, cleaning and taking care of the kids. They had no say in anything and did what their husbands told them to do. It was not only like this in the United States, but other Phelps 2 places, like Canada and New Zealand (teacher.scholastic.com). Women lived like this until a group of women wanted a change. There was one women who went above and beyond to get equality for all women. This women was Susan B. Anthony. She was raised in a Quaker family (believed in equal rights for men and women) and supported the women’s rights movement. She did everything in her power to grant equality. Anthony casts ballots and even came up with a Declaration of Rights for Women (World Book, Women’s Rights to Vote). She was devote... ...gh they did the same amount of work as the men. There is still some of that in today’s society but women are standing up for equal pay and slowly gaining it. They were also told they could not be whatever they wanted to be just because of their gender. They also said that they were not qualified enough, only men could do that job. Women have stepped up and gotten the job they have always wanted. There is still inequality but the world is Phelps 7 realizing that women and men are all equal and discrimination is not the answer. Women have truly changed our world and our lives forever. www.biography.com www.brainyquote.com www.history.com www.huffingtonpost.com www.scholastic.com www.summer.harvard.com teacher.scholastic.com www.wgea.gov.eu Women’s Right to Vote, World Book www.ourdocuments.com

The Role of Technology in Quality Education

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN QUALITY EDUCATION Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor Department of Education Annamalai University Introduction Quality education is a universal goal. It is common to hear arguments that instructional technology will be the key to educational quality as we enter the new millennium. Investment in educational technology is urged upon policy-makers as the path to educational quality.In fact, enthusiasts for educational technology argue that quality has and will continue to increase rapidly, creating a â€Å"new educational culture† Whatever problems exist are seen as ones which can be handled through better administrative and technological planning – that is, technology believers perceive no intrinsic obstacles to total quality assurance using information technology in higher education. Other voices question educational technology as a panacea.The problems associated with technology in the college classroom in terms of issues such as poorly funct ioning equipment, over-promotion of technology-based learning to students, and lack of quality in courses delivered by technology. Educational technology who say students choosing online courses are not getting the education they pay for, and question whether universities should be providing such instruction.The American Federation of Teachers and other faculty organizations have also raised serious cautions about web-based education and have even gone on strike over it. Technology in Quality Education In response to growing criticism of the recent, rapid, unregulated growth of distance education, a number of recognized higher education organizations have formulated quality standards and guidelines. The principles have been endorsed by a number of higher education governing and policymaking bodies in the world, as well as by the regional accrediting community.The core assumption of these guidelines is that, â€Å"The institution's programs holding specialized accreditation meet the same requirements when offered electronically. † Since these guidelines are a widely-accepted definition of â€Å"quality† as applied to online education, they are quoted below: * Each program of study results in learning outcomes appropriate to the rigor and breadth of the degree or certificate awarded. * An electronically offered degree or certificate program is coherent and complete. The program provides for appropriate real-time or delayed interaction between faculty and students and among students. * Qualified faculty provides appropriate oversight of the program electronically offered. * The program is consistent with the institution's role and mission. * Review and approval processes ensure the appropriateness of the technology being used to meet the program's objectives. * The program provides faculty support services specifically related to teaching via an electronic system. The program provides training for faculty who teach via the use of technology. * The p rogram ensures that appropriate learning resources are available to students. * The program provides students with clear, complete, and timely information on the curriculum, course and degree requirements, nature of faculty/student interaction, assumptions about technological competence and skills, technical equipment requirements, availability of academic support services and financial aid resources, and costs and payment policies. Enrolled students have reasonable and adequate access to the range of student services appropriate to support their learning. * Accepted students have the background, knowledge, and technical skills needed to undertake the program. * Advertising, recruiting, and admissions materials clearly and accurately represent the program and the services available. * Policies for faculty evaluation include appropriate consideration of teaching and scholarly activities related to electronically offered programs. The institution demonstrates a commitment to ongoing s upport, both financial and technical, and to continuation of the program for a period sufficient to enable students to complete a degree/certificate. * The institution evaluates the program's educational effectiveness, including assessments of student learning outcomes, student retention, and student and faculty satisfaction. Students have access to such program evaluation data. * The institution provides for assessment and documentation of student achievement in each course and at completion of the program.Empowerment in Online Education Technology enthusiasts believe online methods will liberate learning from the confines of the lecture hall, but it can be difficult to reconcile distance education with empowerment of students and faculty. One common tactic where empowerment is a goal of distance education at all is to keep guidelines-from-on-high to a minimum and to rely on local autonomy. Recent position, quality assurance in distance education, however, have noted with dismay th e drift toward standards imposed from above. Remote learning† would simply lead to students staying at home in front of computer keyboards instead of being taught in a school environment. â€Å"This is way out of touch with the expectations of parents who want their children to develop both socially with other students and educationally under the guidance of qualified teachers†. Online Education and Community The â€Å"community of scholars† was central to the traditional concept of higher education.The thrust of online education advocacy is to broaden the concept of community in non-traditional ways, particularly through partnership with or even contracting out to the business community. Educational institutions in all advanced countries encounter strong incentives for private sector partnering since the high costs of multimedia-rich online curricula are often beyond what a single local college can afford. In the traditional â€Å"community of scholars† t he student was mentored as an apprentice and eventually became a co-investigator in research and creative activity.Advocates of online education argue that this notion of academic community will be enhanced through the wonders of technology. Online education is frequently the province of the campus adult education unit, not the academic departments. Often instructor participation is an overload, potentially seducing faculty away from research. Administrators seek to use online education â€Å"to increase academic productivity† and, as discussed elsewhere in this essay, seek cost savings in an atmosphere unfavorable to the research function.Moreover, most institutions have found that online education is intrinsically very demanding of valuable faculty time, which can also take away from research. On the student side, the social distance inherent in online education seems to make students want clear, precise, objectives-oriented curricula which may represent a narrowing of educ ation, and may make them unlikely candidates for collegial work on faculty research projects. The reality of online education is that it favors a transition from traditional notions of academic community toward a much narrower, transactions-based model.Online Education and Learning Autonomy Online education faces the paradox that it is best undertaken by students with strong autonomous learning skills, yet at the same time the disconnectedness of students from teachers seems correlated with insistent student demands for clearly structured learning assignments and schedules. Students frequently feel the need for ongoing communication with their instructor. A commonly expressed student need is that for very clearly and explicitly articulated course learning objectives.That is, online pedagogy seems more associated with â€Å"cyber distance† than with â€Å"virtual community,† and students quickly become motivated to seek to overcome cyber distance through increased cours e structure, reducing learning autonomy. Online education is part of a cost reduction effort, requiring human resources to be stretched to cover more credit hours, faculty resignation to the training mentality of outcome-based evaluation is all but assured except, of course, in environments which do not even bother to attempt to enforce quality assurance standards. Online Education and Critical ThinkingOnline education can handle instruction-to-facts more easily; drill-and-practice is the forte of computer methods. Ironically, in contrast, traditional education with its supposedly uncreative lecture hall methods has prided itself in its ability to inculcate critical thinking skills. Distance education administrators are aware that critical thinking of online methods. Therefore it is not unusual to find that quality assurance standards for online education make reference to student thinking skills, independent learning skills, teamwork and communication skills, and other aspects of c ritical thinking.Moreover, intelligent-agent and workgroup collaboration software often are targeted directly at encouraging critical thinking skills. Critical thinking can be inculcated using technology such as cyber mentoring and video theater. A love-hate relationship exists between online education and critical thinking skill development. Writing assignments are thought to help develop critical thinking and while online methods can enhance collaborative writing, in general online courses are associated with less writing, not more.Socratic discussion with faculty is also thought to inculcate critical thinking, but while online methods in theory could enhance discussion, in reality online courses are associated with far less instructor-oriented discussion. Critical thinking is also thought to be associated with problem-solving going beyond computational mechanics to consideration of complex causal and value systems, but while intelligent tutoring software does exist, the open-ende dness of creating problem-solving together with the asynchronous nature of most online education mean that in practice online courses rarely develop the problem-solving approach.Online Education and Educational Quality In comparing computer-mediated distance education with traditional face-to-face teaching experiences, while distance education increases access to education, one may well find decreases in instructional quality brought about by increased faculty workload, problems of adapting to technology, difficulties with online course management, and related obstacles. By focusing on instruction to learning objectives, as with traditional instruction-to-test approaches, test performance standards are usually met by online courses.Although tested output of electronic education is often on a par with conventional teaching, this does not mean educational quality is unaffected however. Many observers find in typical online education offerings a substantial narrowing of the concept of education to the detriment of students. One of the recurring problems of computer-mediated education is that it is programmed around concrete learning objectives. Conclusion Many educational technology writers, in fact, explicitly argue that quality education using computer methods must be built on a foundation of clearly-defined competency-based curricular objectives.Online education is now arousing academic resistance. The emergence of a two-tier educational system – a more expensive upper tier with sound traditional education supplemented with the benefits of full online access, and a cheaper inferior tier dispensing programmed training which meets objectives far narrower than the traditional goals of liberal education. References Barnard, John (1997). The World Wide Web and higher education: The promise of virtual universities and online libraries. Educational Technology, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May-June): 30-35. Special issue: Web-Based Learning. Bergeron, Bryan P. (1996).Compet ency as a paradigm for technology-enabled instruction and evaluation, Journal of Instruction Delivery Systems, 10(2): 22-24. Hillesheim, Gwen (1998). The search for quality standards in distance learning, In Distance Learning '98, Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, (14th, Madison, WI, August 5-7, 1998). Pakkiff, Rena M. and Keith Pratt (1999). Building learning communities in cyberspace: Effective strategies for the online classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Roth, Brenda F. and Denisha Sanders (1996). Instructional technology to enhance teaching. New Directions for Higher Education, 94: 21-32.

Thermite Reaction - Instructions and Chemistry

Ethical Issues in Denistry - 1657 Words

Just like all other healthcare professionals, dentists have responsibilities to their patients, employers, associations and, most important, to their own personal integrity. It is so serious that the dentist be prepared to make sound decisions and actions based on ethical concerns for each patient. Dentists, also face a number of ethical issues related to the treatment of their patients. Some issues are clearly medical, involving the treatment of the patient. Other issues are related to the management of a dentist’s practice, such as employment, corporate sponsorship and advertising. Dentists know that healthy teeth are not always attractive. A patient may have perfectly healthy teeth that, through discoloration or a lack of alignment,†¦show more content†¦A dentist cannot limit the scheduled times for treating HIV-positive patients, such as insisting that an HIV-positive patient come in at the end of the day. According to (Hasegawa 2001, p. 118), â€Å"even if a dentist does not have a patient’s actual HIV test result, there is still a legal obligation to protect confidential HIV-related patient information under the HIPPA Rule.† When it comes to patient abandonment a dentist may dismiss a patient or terminate the dentist-patient relationship for a reasonable cause. There are requirements by the SBDE Rule 108.5 regarding Patient Abandonment that must be followed. According to (Humphris, G. 2003, p. 701), â€Å"the dentist must take steps to protect the dental health of the patient by completing any dental procedures that may be in progress prior to terminating the dentist-patient relationship. The dentist must also remain available for emergency services for at least thirty (30) days after notice of termination is served upon the patient.† As healthcare professionals, dentists assume openly and take on responsibilities founded on the principle of non-maleficence - first do no harm. Some of the many characteristics of being an ethical dental professional are presented in the American College of Dentists Core Values. Autonomy: Patients have the right to determine what should be done with their own bodies. Because patients are moral entities they

Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor

Flannery O’Connor, an American writer in the 1950’s and 60’s, often wrote in a Southern- Gothic style and frequently examined questions of morality and ethics. This style is evident in the short story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† which takes place in the 1960s in the midst of the American civil rights movement. The ideas of inter-generational conflict and transforming social mores play out against the backdrop of racial desegregation in the South. O’Connor is able to convey the tensions that emerged after integration as well as conflicting mindsets through symbolism, irony, and point of view. Symbolism is used to emphasize the convergence of the races during the civil rights movement as well as highlight the tension between conflicting mindsets. The first symbol is the hat that is worn by both Julian’s mother, Ms. Chestny, and Carver’s mother. The hat symbolizes the racial culture transformation after integration. Since both Julian’s mother, a white woman, and Carver’s mother, an African American woman, wear the same hat, it emphasizes the fact that both races now have an equal foothold in society. Julian even realizes that fate is trying to teach his mother a lesson about equality: â€Å"The vision of the two hats, identical, broke upon him with the radiance of a brilliant sunrise. His face was suddenly lit with joy. He could not believe that Fate had thrust upon his mother such a lesson† (8). In the past, the segregation of the races would have put Julian’s mother inShow MoreRelatedEverything That Rises Must Converge By Flanner y O Connor1944 Words   |  8 PagesEnglish 101 December 8, 2014 â€Å"Convergence† Flannery O Connor s short story Everything that Rises Must Converge finds the change in structure between a mother and an adolescent in the midst of a period in history when white quality was to an incredible degree, going to pieces. To scratch-off being completely separate from generations, the idea of discrimination divides the more youthful eras from those of the more seasoned eras. In this connection, O Connor offers us what is fundamentally a methodologyRead MoreEverything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor1583 Words   |  7 PagesIn Flannery O’ Connor’s, â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†, Julian’s resentment towards his mother becomes the cause of his own self-revelation. In a selfish attempt to teach his racist mother a lesson in morality, Julian does not sit with her on an integrated bus because It is his fantasy that she will be forced to sit next to an African American person. His wish comes true when an African American woman and her son get on the bus and take a seat next to each of them. However, contrary toRead MoreStereotypes in Everything that Rises Must Converge by Flannery O’ Connor2466 Words   |  10 Pagesequal and must converge together as a unity of equality. Every person has his or her own different mind perspective on stereotyping; that can lead him or her to major consequences or moral lessons. Stereotyping has blinded many people from facing reality and realizing that we are all-equal, and have fought for that equality right. But there are some who won’t accept that change and want to keep things the way they used to be, until they finally realize it with a consequence. Author Flannery O’ ConnorRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor1479 Words   |  6 PagesSophie Halavy English 2—Prof. Sosner 6 May 2015 Self-Awareness in â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† Flannery O’Connor’s short story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† emphasizes the hostility and racial discrimination that white southerners exhibited towards African Americans as a result of integration during the 1960’s. This short story focuses not only on the white American’s living in poverty, but also accentuates the ways in which two people born in different generations react to racialRead MoreAnalysis Of Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor981 Words   |  4 Pagesdynamics in the south during the late 1960’s is a theme represented through the entirety of â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge†. The foremost areas of this can be seen through evaluating the changing social classes, generational difference on cultural views and acceptance, and significance of the penny in relation to slavery and desegregation in the story. Of the major themes in â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† the social concerns of the 1960’s â€Å"particularly the disorder of the modern world andRead MoreSummary Of Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor2544 Words   |  11 PagesErin Comerford 30 November 2012 Final Paper ENAM 3880-103 Julian’s Mother as a Post-Segregation South In Flannery O’Connor’s story â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge,† O’Connor presents readers with an interesting pair: a young man, Julian, and his mother. Because the story is narrated in a closed third person over Julian, readers are immediately distanced from the mother. O’Connor uses Julian as a critic, scrutinizing his mother from his educated heights; through Julian’s eyes, readers see aRead MoreThe Freak in Everything That Rises Must Converge by Flannery O ´connor555 Words   |  3 Pages Flannery O’Connor once said, â€Å"†¦It is when the freak can be sensed as a figure for our essential displacement that he attains some depth in literature.† With this, O’Connor correctly uses the freak to symbolize her reoccurring theme of a grotesque viewpoint on the world, and such symbolism is used prominently in two of her short stories, ‘Everything That Rises Must Converge† and â€Å"Good Country People.† Within both stories, the freak awakens both the characters in the stories, and, in fact, the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor1620 Words   |  7 PagesThe character of Julian in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge† is one that evokes conflicting emotions in readers. On an immediate judgment, it would be easy to view Julian as someone who is pretentious and narcissistic. Throughout the course of the piece, he is presented as being constantly bored and disgusted with those around him, because he believes he is more highly educated. Based on his presentation in the text, it is easy to think that Julian is using his advanced educationRead MoreFlannery O Connor s Everything That Rises Must Converge Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesThe story that i’ve decided to do my literature essay on is Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge†. The story starts off with a son, a recent college graduate who currently sells typewriters, escorting his mom on the bus to her exercise classes. Throughout the whole story it gives many hints towards the son, Julian’s irritation of his mother. The mother would brag about how her grandfather owned slaves at a plantation, and would speak out loud to other strangers how she was gladRead MoreA Good Man Is Hard For Find And Everything That Rises Must Converge By Flannery O Connor3294 Words   |  14 PagesFlannery O’Connor, u ndoubtedly one of the most well-read authors of the early 20th Century, had many strong themes deeply embedded within all her writings. Two of her most prominent and poignant themes were Christianity and racism. By analyzing, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† and â€Å"Everything that Rises Must Converge,† these two themes jump out at the reader. Growing up in the mid-1920’s in Georgia was a huge influence on O’Connor. Less than a decade before her birth, Georgia was much different than

Business Experience Project for Broadband- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Experience Project for National Broadband. Answer: Introduction/ Synopsis of the Case study The purpose of the current case study is to analyse the issues that are encountered by the National Broadband Network (NBN) Co. This is one of the major organizations in Australia that controls the wholesale market for the open-access data network and wired data network that deals with both wireless radio and wired forms of communication. The business organization was established in the year 2009 with the aim of development of the high speed communication technology. The main purpose of the network is to remove the barriers of communication. One of the main objectives of the organisation is to ensure that all the people in Australia are able to access high speed Internet service, which will help in the development of technological infrastructure of the society. One of the major issue and period that are encountered by people of Australia to access high speed Internet it is due to high cost involved in setting up the infrastructure. With wireless mode of communication it is possible f or NBN to reduce the cost of broadband Access for common people. In order to fulfil the mission NBN has set up the infrastructure that has allowed wholesale open access for the broadband network. This Access can be used by all local networks to improve the bandwidth speed. The Retail service providers are responsible for distributing user end Internet connectivity. This will help in the telecommunication field of Australia. It is also possible to generate a business environment of healthy competition in the telecommunication market. The customer in the market will also get the opportunity to choose from a wide variety of broadband network. The comment of Australia has also published statement of expectation, which is a supplement to change the mandate of the policy. The ownership of NBN is among the Commonwealth of Australia which is a public sector organisation controlled by government policies. This is incorporated under the policy of Corporations act 2001. The operation is also controlled by Performance and Accountability Act 2013 (Alizadeh 2013). The purpose of the NBN services to provide high Internet connectivity for both commercial and domestic purpose. As per the commitment of the organisation it is supposed to provide an Internet speed of 25 megabytes per second. The organisation is also planning to double the speed 90% of their existing areas. This is believed to unleash the technological potential that is possible due to Government support. The partnership of various retail sector units has made the Internet connectivity reaches out to various remote areas. The current case study is him to highlight up on the issues that are encountered by the national broadband network. In spite of the effective business plan of NBN, the organisation has failed to produce direct demand in the Retail Industry of broadband network. Hence, it is not possible for the customers to directly access the internet connectivity at lower price, which is one of the major aims of NBN. This case study will highlight up on major fact related to all the issues encountered by NBN and thereby will aim to highlight upon the issues that can help them in future sustainability Alternative solution will also be provided in order to deal with the existing issue and ensure there is no disadvantage associated with current business model. Alternative solution will also help to provide proper documentation to deal with the existing issue. Appropriate planning is also necessary as a part of the recommendations that are provided as a part of the case study. Findings The section of the case study will focus upon the issues faced by NBN, which will be supported by facts and statistics. It is also important to identify the underlying cause for the issue, which will help in the matter of implementing relevant solutions. One of the most common issues that are encountered in the management of NBN is due to low Internet bandwidth speed in many areas. This is a major challenge during the peak hours of a day, when all type of domestic and commercial activities are going at full speed. This is not only compromising up on the reputation of NBN, but also hampering the technological infrastructure in many parts of Australia. Nearby it is not possible for the people to get the advantage of high speed Internet service. As per the report of the statistics it is clear that 71% of the users associated with the service of NBN has encountered issues due to low Internet speed during peak hours. 28% of the users have also encountered total blackout. Most of the cases of Internet blackout or low bandwidth speed are reported during 10-12 hours and 14 to 16 hours (Katz 2012). It is important to mention that one of the major cause of the issue is due to the fact that it is not possible for NBN to deal with all types of i nfrastructural issues. NBN is dependent upon local retail service provider in order to develop upon the infrastructure in every local areas of Australia. The findings of the recent reports suggest that the business partnership model of NBN with small scale retail service providers has failed. This is mainly due to the fact that it is not possible for the small scale retail organisation to bear the high cost that is involved in the process of setting up infrastructure for high speed wireless Internet communication (Li 2012). Hence, in most of the cases the national broadband network has not been able to provide the proper funding that is necessary to setup the infrastructure for high Internet speed. Additional to all as far as the latest report the authority of national broadband network is not understanding the significance of the problem and thereby putting the blame for the issue on government organisation. One of the major organisational aims of NBN is to become financially independent and pay back all the dues paid by the government. Nevertheless, the basic principles that have been implemented by the organisation in deciding upon their pricing strategy have got their own loopholes. Hence, it is not possible for the organisation to collect enough revenue from the public. One of the major complaint raised by the organisation in the context is about the fact that the retail Internet providers are not buying enough Internet service from NBN. As the bandwidth service remain unsold, most of the servers are not operated by NBN, thereby resulting in slow speed of Internet (Nansen et al. 2013). One of the major fault of the government in this case is that they failed to provide the social value the high speed Internet project that have been initiated by the authorities at National broadband network. The social value need to be implemented with the help of reducing the complexity in the pricing model. There have been an increased number of cases of blame game among the Telecom industries, which is not able to focus upon the Ultimate cause of infrastructural issues. Acting as one of the wholesale distributor of Internet bandwidth, NBN charges a certain fee the installation of ISPs, which is dependent upon the speed of the bandwidth or the volume of Internet that will be consumed by the user. This fee is called the Connectivity Virtual Charge. Nevertheless the main issue in this context is due to the fact that the government is charging a high amount of tax of 7.30 dollar per month as a service for end users. Hence, most of the Australian consumers are facing issues due to high level of pricing charged for accessing high speed Internet service (Falch and Henten 2010). It is also believe that the issue of low Internet speed is also compromising up on some of the national social service like education and Healthcare. Hence, it is not possible to provide effective social service to the Australian consumers due to poor infrastructural condition. One of the issues that are believed to be responsible for infrastructure in pricing model of NBN is due to the initial failure of implementing business partnership theory. One of the bases of business model of NBN is dependent upon partnership that is formed with local retail Internet provider. However, the economics of the business of Indian is dependent upon the wholesale business model. Hence, it is not possible for the organisation to create retail business demand. The pricing model that have been introduced by the organisation have not initially analysed all the external threat. In a given context it is important to mention about porter's five forces, which is believed to be one of the effective marketing tool to identify all kinds of external threat in a business environment. In spite of high demand of high speed Internet service, there is high level of threat from external supplier. NBN is highly dependent upon supply of fibre material from external business partners. The threat in this context is due to the fact that in the current scenario the organisation is only dependent upon few numbers of suppliers and thereby often has to pay high price. Moreover, there is the threat of new alternatives that can provide high Internet speed from that of the fibre cables. There are also new small scales Enterprise, who are setting up business to make use of the available opportunity in the Telecommunication industry. With the entry of new business organisation, who is offering high speed Internet service at much lower cost, NBN is also facing the threat from high pow er from the customer, as they have the option of purchasing Internet service at much lower price. The tax level of the small scale Internet provider is mast were compared to that of the Internet service of national broadband network, which is lower almost at the rate of 50%. Discussion From the previous section it is clear that one of the major issues encountered by the national broadband network is it due to poor level of funding in setting up of basic technological infrastructure needed for high Internet speed. Organisation also failed to identify all the external threats that are associated with in the telecommunication industry. This is mostly due to the fact that the company has not been able to generate retail demand and neutralize the threat of alternative service. Due to all the issues and basic infrastructure level, it is not possible for the national broadband network to provide proper solution for the low Internet speed and blackout that are encountered in the middle of the peak hours. One of the effective ways to deal with the issue of Internet service provider is develop effective business partnership network with various industrial sectors in a technological domain. According to Given (2010), one of the major reason for success for the modern digital Revolution is due to the fact that most of the large scale electronic band are able to develop effective business partnership model. One of the suitable solutions for the national broadband network in this context is to develop effective business partnership model (Cradduck 2011). This can help the organisation to get proper supply of raw materials that is needed to develop technical infrastructure and provide high speed Internet network in all parts of Australia. As mentioned in the previous section, the Internet service of national broadband network is dependent upon fibre cable and wireless Technology. It is important for the organisation to get proper supply of electronic parts and circuit that is needed to set up the Internet servers. Hence, Outsourcing of business service can be one of the proper solutions for National broadband network to deal with the existing issue of Internet blackout and low speed. One of the major business advantages that the company can enjoy with outsourcing is the ability to improve upon the networking capability. They can also hire business ideas from large scale organisation like Cisco. Hence, it is possible for them to get the infrastructure and roadmap to implement safety in the networking business and provide secure intelligent information for all domestic and commercial uses in Australia (Alizadehand Farid 2017). They can also hire the Cloud Service network from large-scale organisation, which is believed to be one of the effective ways to improve the technological infrastructure of Internet bandwidth. In Spite of the business plan of NBN to local retail business partnership with local retail Internet providers; it was not possible for the organisation to increase the demand from the retail section. With implementation of outsourcing business model it is possible for the organisation to develop business partnership with all small scale service providers and thereby able to successfully reach out to all types of stakeholders and meet up with the demand. It is also possible for the organisation to hire technical experts from third party agents, which is also believed to be one of the major advantages of business outsourcing. On the other hand as mentioned by Nansen et al. (2013), one of the major disadvantages of outsourcing business for networking industry is due to the Complex level of policies that need to be implemented for smooth functioning of business operation. There is also high risk involved in the matter of security, where sensitive are classified information can get leak out due to increasing trends of Cyber criminals. The customers can also face issue due to authentication, as in many cases NBN has to hire Internet service from other business network. Additional it is also relevant to mention that without proper business set up, it is not possible to coordinate business partnership. However, with effective business partnership and networking it is possible for the organisation to establish open network. This is believed to be one of the effective way to implement flexibility and provide adaptive solution to all forms of networking issue that are encountered in the modern day digital world (Wilken,et al. 2013). With the help of open network it is also possible for the organisation to provide more option to the customers and thereby ensure that they are able to meet up with the growing demand of the industry. The implementation of latest innovation can be encompassed with the open network, which will enhance the overall supply chain. One of the major issues that have been encountered by the national broadband network is due to the fact that they have not been able to implement effective pricing strategy in their Service Delivery model. Hence, organisation can use the theory of marketing mix that is believed to be useful in deciding upon the pricing strategy. One of the major advantages of implementing effective pricing strategy is due to the fact that it is possible to collect important information from the networking business market (Diaset al. 2014). As mentioned previously one of the major issue encountered in the national broadband network is due to the high cost of Internet service it is mainly due to excess level of tax imposed by the Australian government. With effective pricing strategy it is possible to analyse the external business environment in the networking industry and thereby able to understand the taxation policy that are imposed by the government in the respective areas. It is often believed tha t pricing strategy is one of the crucial factors that help to influence upon the customer decision making process (Valle de Souzaet al. 2016). With the demand of Internet service going high in the current age of digitisation there are a lot of Internet service providers entering the market with and offering low cost service. The additional unique features are always welcome by the customers, which can help them to enjoy better Digital Service in personal and professional aspects. Pricing strategy is also affected due to the fact that this one of the key element of marketing mix and thereby help to provide a better market position of the brand in the respective industry (Tiwariet al. 2016). It is often believed that service providers, who are able to provide the best cost effective network to the customer, are able to capture majority of the market share. This in turn helps to provide better brand image of the organisation. The leading brand in the respective industry has a major role to play in deciding upon the pricing strategy that is implemented. In other words, it is possible for the national broadband network to play an important part and deciding upon the cost of Internet service in Australia as they are one of the biggest public sector organisations, who are providing up with modern Internet service. On the other hand, one of the major negative aspects of low pricing strategy is due to the fact that there is high risk of lowering of the service quality (Wilson 2014). In many cases it has been seen that large scale business organisation in order to control the market share lower the price of service by compromising upon the overall quality of service or product. In the given context of networking industry, where there is high level of threat from business rivalry, companies do have taken the risk of lowering the price which will help them to better sustain in the networking domain. Hence, the pricing strategy is believed to be effective in dealing with all major challenges encountered by the national broadband network in the current context of Internet service providing industry of Australia. Conclusion From the above case study it can be concluded that the national broadband network is currently one of the major Internet service provider in Australia, who have been able to succeed in the respective domain due to the application of latest form of Technology in the form of fibre wire and wireless communication. One of the major reasons for rising popularity of the high speed Internet service by NBN is due to the fact that they are able to deliver wholesale Internet communication service, which is usually achieved through business partnership with small scale Retail Industry. The small scale Retail organisations are responsible for providing better quality of Internet service to all domestic and commercial uses in Australia. However, in the recent days one of the major issues encountered by the Internet service of national broadband network is due to the fact that they are not able to provide uninterrupted high speed Internet service. This is mostly due to the Internet blackout issues encountered in various places during the peak hour of the day. Failing to implement proper technological infrastructure at the initial period in many remote places due to lack of government funding is believed to be the root cause of this technical issue. Moreover, in spite of the business model of partnership it was not possible for the company to generate proper retail demand for Internet service, which resulted in lack of revenue income. The government is also responsible for the existing issue due to the fact that it has not been able to promote the social value that is needed to improve upon the technological infrastructure of the Australian society and provide uninterrupted high speed broadband service. One of the major possible solutions for the existing issue that has been mentioned in the case study is to outsource business resource in the form of advanced telecommunication network. This is believed to help the organization to lower the price of Internet service is there possible to outsource essential networking resource at much lower cost from third party agents. This can also encourage time to implement the solution of open network, which will provide the opportunity to the users to get the access of high speed Internet service. Nevertheless, it is important for the company to deal with Complex level of policy that is usually involved in matter related to Outsourcing business resources. Another major solution that can be implemented is related with the pricing strategy. Here, it is essential for the organisation to collect necessary information from the external business environment and thereby able to implement proper solution to reduce the cost of high speed Internet service. However, it is essential to ensure that the quality of the service is not compromised while focusing upon low cost Internet service. Recommendation It is highly recommended for the national broadband network to follow and implement the policy of Outsourcing business service. As during the initial period the organisation has aimed provide networking service to the public in the form of retail sector, hence forth by implementing the policy of outsourcing business it is possible to increase the demand of retail unit. As the demand of the retail sector of high speed Internet service will increase, it will be possible for the organisation to generate more revenue and thereby improve upon the existing technological infrastructure. It will be there for possible for National broadband network to reduce the cost of high speed Internet service, which is one of the major existing issues. It is also believe that the issue of Internet blackout is mainly due to the fact that NBN has not been able to properly utilise all the existing service that is needed for wireless telecommunication network. With more revenue generation it is possible to update the existing networking server and thereby improve upon the bandwidth. This will minimise the chance of any form of interruption that is currently causing all forms of issues of internet. It is also possible with the help of business Outsourcing to improve upon the human resource policy associated with the service of the networking business. Moreover, business partnership with large scale organisation like Cisco can help the national broadband network to hire advanced form of Internet server that in turn can help to develop the business model of the existing networking chain. As mentioned by Gunaratne et al. (2015), one of the crucial success factor of all networking business is to have advanced level of supply chain. With the help of business Outsourcing responsible for the national broadband network to improve upon their existing supply chain process. Hence, it is highly recommended for the national broadband network the properly implement upon the policy of business outsourcing. Additionally, it is also necessary to ensure that no unethical policies are being adopted in order to set up business partnership with third party agents. It is also possible to ensure that all legal policies related to business partnership and outsourcing are being followed to ensure organisational adaptation of national broadband network. Reference: Alizadeh, T. and Farid, R., 2017. Political economy of telecommunication infrastructure: An investigation of the National Broadband Network early rollout and pork barrel politics in Australia. Telecommunications Policy, 41(4), pp.242-252. Alizadeh, T., 2013. Towards the socio-economic patterns of the national broadband network rollout in Australia. State of Australian Cities, Sydney. Accessed December, 31. Cradduck, L.M., 2011. The future of the Internet Economy: Addressing challenges facing the implementation of the Australian National Broadband Network (Doctoral dissertation, Queensland University of Technology). Dias, M.P., Arnold, M., Gibbs, M., Nansen, B. and Wilken, R., 2014. Asynchronous Speeds: Disentangling the Discourse of High-Speed Broadbandin Relation to Australia's National Broadband Network. Media International Australia, 151(1), pp.117-126. Falch, M. and Henten, A., 2010. Public private partnerships as a tool for stimulating investments in broadband. Telecommunications Policy, 34(9), pp.496-504. Given, J., 2010. Take your partners: Public private interplay in Australian and New Zealand plans for next generation broadband. Telecommunications Policy, 34(9), pp.540-549. Gunaratne, R.L., Ilavarasan P, V., Fernando, S. and Rohman, I.K., 2015. National Broadband Networks of Malaysia, India, Indonesia and Australia: A Comparative Study. Competition and Regulation in Network Industries, 16(1), pp.23-46. Katz, R., 2012. The impact of broadband on the economy: Research to date and policy issues. Broadband Series. Li, G., 2012. The return of public investment in telecommunications: Assessing the early challenges of the national broadband network policy in Australia. Computer Law Security Review, 28(2), pp.220-230. Nansen, B., Arnold, M., Wilken, R. and Gibbs, M., 2013. Broadbanding Brunswick: High-speed Broadband and Household Media Ecologies: A Report on the Household Take-up and Adoption of the National Broadband Network in a First Release Site. Nansen, B., Arnold, M., Wilken, R. and Gibbs, M., 2013. Broadbanding Brunswick: High-speed Broadband and Household Media Ecologies: A Report on the Household Take-up and Adoption of the National Broadband Network in a First Release Site. Tiwari, S., Lane, M. and Alam, K., 2016. The challenges and opportunities of delivering wireless high speed broadband services in Rural and Remote Australia: A Case Study of Western Downs Region (WDR). arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03513. Valle de Souza, S., Dollery, B. and Kortt, M.A., 2016. Counting the cost: A critical evaluation of the Australian National Broadband Network roll-out under the Rudd/Gillard governments. International Journal of Public Administration, pp.1-8. Wilken, R., Nansen, B., Arnold, M., Kennedy, J. and Gibbs, M., 2013. National, local and household media ecologies: The case of Australia's National Broadband Network. Communication, Politics Culture, 46(2), p.136. Wilson, N., 2014. Australia's National Broadband NetworkA cybersecure critical infrastructure?.Computer Law Security Review, 30(6), pp.699-709.

NATO From Creation to Current Status

Abstract The paper discusses NATO which is a major military alliance among European States, the US and Canada. It highlights the historical context, which led to the formation of NATO. The history of the alliance is broken down into three major phases: the Cold War era, the Post Cold War, and the Post 9/11.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NATO: From Creation to Current Status specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper reviews how NATO reinvented itself following the collapse of the Soviet Union and embarked on a successful enlargement process. The various issues that have faced the organization since its creation are discussed and its future estimated. The paper concludes by noting that NATO is a relevant security apparatus today and still serves as the best instrument for combating the security threats of the 21st century. Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is rightfully regarded as the w orld’s most powerful military alliance. The organization was founded in 1949 with the primary objective of protecting Western Europe and the US from Soviet aggression. The alliance was able to successfully achieve this goal and additionally ensure that no military rivalries emerge in the region. Following the end of the Cold War, the Soviet threat was neutralized and the alliance had to reinvent itself in order to remain relevant. It did this by expanding its role and increasing its membership. This paper will set out to provide a detailed research of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization with focus given to the creation and purpose of this alliance. A review of how the organization has expanded over the years and the role it has played will be provided to demonstrate that NATO is still a valid security apparatus in world today. Origins of NATO A significant outcome of the World War II was the emergence of the United States of America and the Soviet Union as the two world su per powers. While these countries had fought as allies in the war, their political differences pitted them against each other in the postwar years. There was concern that the Soviet Union would make use of her considerable power to influence politics in Europe (Trachtenberg, 1999). The weakened postwar Europe would not be able to resist this Soviet threat. The US proposed to help bolster West Europe’s military capability by the formation of an alliance. NATO, therefore, began as a mutual defense pact among ten Western European countries, the US and Canada.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These twelve countries signed the Washington Treaty on April 4, 1949 in which they committed themselves to a mutual defense pact (Cornish, 2004). The treaty bound the member states and an attack on any member was to evoke a response from all members. NATO’s history can be divided into thre e distinct phases: the Cold War period, the decade following the end of the Cold War, and the current phase, which began with the terrorist attacks on the US on September 11, 2011. Cold War Era At the time of NATO’s formation, the Western Europe was a divided region still struggling to recover from the devastating effects of the just ended the World War II. While a Western European defense organization would have been preferred, the participation of the US was seen as crucial since it was the only country with enough military might to counter the USSR. Trachtenberg (1999) observes that this alliance was a long-term American commitment to Western Europe’s security. Over time, this treaty turned into an organization with a political council and regular meetings being held by the allied foreign and defense ministers. This transformation into a full-fledged organization increased the influence and strength of the Treaty. In its early years of existence, NATO’s role was primarily to prevent an attack against the territory of its member countries by the formidable Soviet Union and her allies. Seroka (2007) best articulates this point by documenting that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was originally designed to deal with a primary threat from international communism on the European continent. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and this strengthened the capability of the alliance in Europe since Germany had the manpower necessary to resist a conventional invasion by Soviet forces. This move precipitated the formation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union and her East European allies. The alliance’s nuclear capability provided by the United States, which served as deterrence, was the main tool used to prevent an attack from the Soviet Union. However, NATO also adopted a strategy of flexible response and envisaged the use of conventional warfare before engaging in a nuclear confrontation. Even so, Minuto-Rizzo (2007) reiterates that nu clear weapons were at the core of the alliance’s strategy and nuclear deterrence was the principle means of preventing a Soviet led attack on any of the member states. Since both sides (East and West Europe) knew the cost of a nuclear confrontation, the use of force to advance political aims was effectively excluded in the Cold War Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NATO: From Creation to Current Status specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Post – Cold War Period The end of the Cold War in 1989 was significant for NATO. Many political analysts forecasted that the alliance could be disbanded safely since the main aggressor in Europe had dissipated. In addition to this, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, which had been an alliance of East European nations formed to counter NATO, had already occurred. However, this did not happen since NATO member states did not want to get rid of the alliance be cause of the numerous advantages they were enjoying because of their cooperation. Minuto-Rizzo (2007) observes that the transatlantic framework that â€Å"allowed all countries -big and small- to make their voices heard, to seek common solutions, and to train their forces together was too precious an asset to be squandered† (p.3). Many member countries of the former Warsaw Pact also expressed interest in joining NATO in order to enjoy the advantages of the permanent transatlantic framework for consultation and cooperation. NATO, therefore, had to reorient itself to embrace the newly emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe. NATO was able to develop new strategic concepts to incorporate new members and reorganize its military structures following the disappearance of the existential threat provided by the Soviet Union (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). It adopted a policy of partnership and opened its doors for new members from Central and Eastern Europe. The alliance also be gan to engage Russia: a move that was seen as integral to realizing the goals of an undivided Europe. The creation of the Permanent Joint Council (PJC) in 1997 is the most visible indication of an attempt to formalize the relationship between NATO and Russia. Labarre (2001) affirms that the PJC gave Russia a voice in NATO for the first time in history. The post Cold War era also saw NATO for the first time in its history engaging in military action outside the territory of its member countries. This engagement came about because of the conflicts in the Balkans. NATO provided military support at the request of the United Nations and helped to pacify the Balkans. The alliance engaged in the deployment of peacekeeping forces in the region to sustain peace. Post 9/11 Era The third major phase in NATO’s existence came about following the September 11 terrorist attacks. On September12, 2001, NATO invoked Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, which instructs that, â€Å"An attack aga inst one is an attack against all†. Minuto-Rizzo (2007) observes that 9/11 made it clear to NATO allies that their major threats no longer emanated from Europe, as had been the case during the Cold War. The new threats came from outside the continent in the form of international terrorism, failing states, and the threat of weapons of mass destruction.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The realities of 9/11 demonstrated to NATO the weakness of the traditional geographical approach to security that had been utilized for decades. This security approach had been effective when the potential threat emanated from the Soviet Union. International terrorism could not be countered using the same strategy and NATO had to be prepared to engage enemy forces at their source. NATO Transformation Originally, a regional security pact designed to protect Western Europe from a Soviet threat, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has reinvented and transformed itself into an international security force with missions to â€Å"combat international terrorism, prevent weapons proliferations, and provide for Europe’s security† (Seroka, p.25). The last decade has seen a significant enhancement of NATO’s military capabilities. The NATO Heads of State and Government summit in Prague, 2002, articulated the need for radical changes in the alliance’s military comm and structure. This military transformation begun with the establishment of one strategic command based in Europe to oversee all aspects of NATO’s operations. Another strategic command base was established in the US to advance the military aspects of transformation. While NATO no longer faces the threat that led to its formation (the Soviet Union) it has continued to grow in the years following the collapse of the USSR. International terrorism has been the most significant issue addressed by NATO. Despite the fact that international terrorism does not present a strategic threat to NATO countries, it presents a real danger to security in the event that such elements could gain access to weapons of mass destruction. A significant change in NATO’s strategic doctrine following the end of the Cold War has been a loss of influence by the United States. American dominance within NATO has been a reality since the beginning of the alliance. Noetzel and Schreer (2009) observe th at the US set the terms of NATO’s formation and the country continued to play a leading role in its institutional development. This has changed and member states of the alliance today are more vocal about their opposition to the US policies. This is evident from the stance taken by Germany and France concerning the war in Iraq. NATO’s role has also expanded to include global interventionism. Wolff (2009) states that this radical change means that the alliance can be called upon to use its resources to maintain peace treaties or engage in combat to overthrow a government or hunt down terrorists. NATO Enlargement NATO has also pursued an aggressive policy of expansion over the last two decades. Enlargement serves the double purpose of strengthening European ties while at the same time broadening NATO’s influence in the world. Enlargement of NATO is made possible by Article 10 of the Washington Treaty which allows for the admission of new members. According to Arti cle 10, â€Å"any decision to invite a country to join the Alliance is taken by the North Atlantic Council, NATO’s principal decision-making body, on the basis of consensus among all Allies† (NATO, 2012). NATO membership has increased to 28 countries mostly because of the open door policy to European countries. Bosnia and Herzegovina are engaged in the Membership Action Plan, which is a precursor to attaining full membership, and can be expected to join the organization in the near future. NATO’s expansion process has been very successful and it has achieved remarkable outcomes. Seroka (2007) suggests that the expansion has not jeopardized relations with Russia, nor led to the remilitarization of the continent or increased tensions between member states on the European continent. On the contrary, NATO’s enlargement has led to modernization, standardization and increased the democratic control within the individual armed forces of its member states. The la rge-scale enlargement efforts of post Cold War NATO have turned the organization into an inclusive European-wide organization committed to democracy and positioned to eliminate, almost entirely, the possibility of inter-state conflict within Europe. However, Russia has reacted angrily to NATO’s post Cold War expansions that have been viewed as deliberate actions to increase the Western sphere of influence at Moscow’s expense (Goldgeier, 2009). Noetzel and Schreer (2009) note that â€Å"article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which limits new members to European territory places an important limitation on NATO’s expansion† (p.217). Because of this statute, the organization has been unable to accommodate willing partners from other continents. Seroka (2007) reveals that some of the allies led by the US hope to amend this in order to include members from all over the world and therefore guarantee NATO world-wide influence. These advocates see alliance with non-European democracies as crucial in a globalizing world. However, most members are concerned that such an expansion might dilute the alliance’s transatlantic character. NATO Issues Despite its significant successes, NATO has had some issues in the course of its existence. In its early years, the most serious crisis for NATO came in the form of Frances threat to withdraw from the Alliance. In March 1966, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that French forces would be withdrawn from the integrated military command of the NATO (Trachtenberg, 1999). This withdrawal was in retaliation to what was seen by Paris as an ever-growing dominance by the US within the organization (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). However, the ever-present threat of a Soviet attack prompted NATO members to resolve their conflicts and continue working together for a common defense. The internal cohesion of NATO has also been affected by the establishment of another security player in Europe. The Europea n Defense and Security Policy (EDSP), which was created in 1999, undermined and threatened the future cohesion of NATO. While the ESDP was supposed to be complementary to NATO’s capabilities, its objectives which are to provide military assistance to the EU states have undermined the importance of the Atlantic alliance. In response to the attractiveness of the ESDP, this body was incorporated into the larger framework of the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Some observers see the ESDP as a move by European nations to create a competing security apparatus and therefore re-nationalize their security by diminishing the US role in European security and defense affairs (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). The reactions by NATO following 9/11 were also divisive to its political cohesion. Following 9/11, the US pursued a more assertive stance on how NATO should be utilized to counter the new threats. To begin with, the US declared war on terrorism; a call that was supported by her NATO allies. While all the allies offered to support the US in its fight against international terrorism, the US administration chose not to give NATO a large role in the combat operation against the Taliban. Most European allies saw this as an indication that the US did not perceive the alliance to be of primary value in its efforts to shape the changing global security order (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). Another cause of contention in NATO was the US-led war against Iraq in 2003. From the onset, major European allies such as Germany and France opposed the war. However, the US went ahead and waged this controversial war. The political and military campaign against Saddam Hussein highlighted significant divisions between the US and some of her European allies. Cornish (2004) documents that those deep divisions almost led to the collapse of NATO. The Bush administration, which had called on the war against Saddam, was accused of using NATO as an instrument of US for eign policy. This is because the US expected uncritical political and military support for the invasion of Iraq from its allies. The alliance also suffers from a lack of commitment by all the members to consign troops to dangerous missions. This is evident from the war in Afghanistan where the US maintains the largest contingent. Most NATO countries have been unable to achieve the political support needed to send their troops to fight the Taliban. Goldgeier (2009) states that this reality has led to a â€Å"two-tiered alliance† comprising of those who are willing to fight, and those who are not. The recent years have seen an increase in divergence of interests within the organization. This has led some commentators to predict that the alliance is on the path to disintegration and, ultimately, its failure (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). This bleak reality is not the only possible future of NATO and provided the key challenges that the alliance faces are addressed, the future of the alliance is guaranteed. Discussion and Conclusion NATO remains to be a unique and invaluable alliance that continues to function as a reliable tool for multilateral military cooperation. The alliance is today engaged on several continents, under different capacities. This underscores the transformation that NATO has undergone since its formation in 1948. While some commentators argued that NATO had outlived its usefulness following the disappearance of the Soviet threat to Western Europe, the alliance has flourished and played a useful role in the past 2 decades. Most notably, it has countered ethnic abuses in the former Yugoslavia and is involved in efforts to counter Islamic terrorists in Afghanistan. This paper is set out to discuss NATO’s progress from its formation to today. It began by providing the historical context that made NATO necessary. It then articulated the three distinctive phases in NATO’s history, which are the Cold War era, the Post Cold War, and th e Post 9/11. The paper has revealed how the changes in the security environment have obliged NATO to transform itself and engage actively well beyond the territories of its members. NATO has evolved from the defensive entity, it was and it finds itself increasingly acting as a proactive risk manager. 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Security considerations in the Western Balkans: NATO’s evolution and expansion. East European Quarterly, 41(1), 25-38. Trachtenberg, M. (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement 1945-1963. Princeton University Press, 1999. Wolff, A. T. (2009). The structural and political crisis of NATO transformation. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 7(4), 476492. This essay on NATO: From Creation to Current Status was written and submitted by user Jenny C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.